《三十六計》第三套 攻戰計 36 Strategies / Stratagems
佚名
總說
【原文】六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其空，機不可設，設則不中。
【按語】解語重數不重理，蓋理，術語自明；而數，則在言外，若徒知術之為術，而不知術中有數，則術多不應，且詭謀權術，原在事理之中，人情之內。徜事出不經，則詭異立見，詫世惑俗，而機謀洩矣。或曰：三十六計中，每六計成一套，第一套為勝戰計，第二套為敵戰計，第三套為攻戰計，第四套為混戰計，第五套為並戰計，第六套為敗戰計。
第三套 攻戰計
【原文】第十三計‧打草驚蛇疑以叩實，察而後動；復者，陰之媒也。
【按語】敵力不露，陰謀深沉，未可輕進，應遍揮其鋒。兵書云：「軍旁有險阻、潢井、葭葦、山林、翳薈者，必謹復索之，此伏奸所藏也。」
【中英對照】
第十三計： 打草驚蛇
Strategy 13: Beat the Grass to Startle the Snake
智收巡撫印
Recovering the Seal by Craft
在清 道光年間時，江南某巡撫王守愚有位副將叫趙伯仁，副將因與巡撫有過私怨，便想找機會報復，於是收買了監印官偷偷將官印拿出來，巡撫後來知道這件事，但苦無證據沒辦法捉拿副將。
During the Cing Dynasty, there was a circuit court judge named Wang Shou Yu. He had a deputy named Jhao Bo Ren. Because of some personal feud with the judge, Jhao Bo Ren was looking for an opportunity to get back at the judge. One day, he bribed a guard to steal the judge’s seal. Wang Shou Yu later found out what happened, but he could not arrest the deputy because he did not have any evidence that Jhao Bo Ren stole the seal. And without the seal, Wang Shou Yu could not do his job as a judge.
這時身旁的佐刑書吏便想出一條妙計，當天晚上巡撫衙門突然失火，按規定所有人都要來救火，這時看到巡撫慌張地捧著官印箱跑出來，便將印箱交給了副將，並且命令他趕緊拿回家中保管，副將接過來發覺印箱重重的，便有點猶豫，但不可以違抗命令更不能打開來看。
Seeing how troubled the judge is, his assistant came up with a brilliant plan to recover the seal. That night, the government building suddenly caught on fire. According to the rules, everyone was obliged to come to help put out the fire. At this moment, Wang Shou Yu hastily rushed out of the building with the box that stores the judge’s seal in his hands. In front of everybody, he handed over the box toJhao Bo Ren and ordered him home to keep the seal safe from fire. Jhao Bo Ren hesitated. He was suspicious because the box was heavy. But he couldn’t do anything but to obey the order, since he could not open the box in front of everyone.
隔天巡撫便升堂對士兵們論功行賞，副將當然也把印箱交回，巡撫當場打開印箱，原先放在箱中的石頭，已換回原來黃澄澄的官印。
The next morning, Wang Shou Yu assembled everyone in the court house to reward them for their contributions in fighting the fire last night. When Jhao Bo Ren handed the box over to Wang Shou Yu, the judge opened it on the spot. The stone which had previously been placed in the box was now replaced by the stolen seal.
打草驚蛇指當對方情況不明，我們要用旁敲側擊的方法，反覆地試探，使對方陰謀暴露，我們便可以依情況來出擊。
When the enemy’s intention is unclear, we should launch indirect probes and observe the reactions of the enemy until his plans are exposed. The behavior of the enemy will reveal his strategy, and we can react accordingly.
【原文】第十四計‧借屍還魂有用者，不可借；不能用者，求借。借不能用者而用之，匪我求童蒙，童蒙求我。
【按語】換代之際，紛立亡國之後者，固借尸還魂之意也。凡一切寄兵權於人，而代其攻守者，皆此用也。
【中英對照】
第十四計： 借屍還魂
Strategy 14: Borrow a Corpse to Resurrect the Soul
死諸葛嚇走司馬懿
The Dead Jhu Ge Liang Scares Away Sih Ma Yi
西元234年諸葛亮因操勞過度去世了，在過世前他知道一旦自己不在了，魏軍一定會趁機攻打蜀漢，於是他叫幕僚長楊儀，到時候一定要封鎖消息，等到蜀軍安全撤離才可以公布，就連撤離途中如果遇到攻擊該如何防禦，也都交待清楚。
In 234 AD, Shu’s military advisor Jhu Ge Liang passed away through over-work and illness. Before he died, he knew that once he was gone, the Wei army would take this opportunity to attack Shu. So he instructed the chief of staff Yang Yi to withhold the news of his death until the Shu army had safely retreated. He even gave detailed instructions on how to defend against an attack during their retreat.
魏軍將領司馬懿精通星象，所以知道諸葛亮已經過世，可是又怕是用裝死的計謀來引誘魏軍，便先派一小隊士兵打探軍情，沒想到蜀軍已全部撤退了，於是司馬懿領軍追趕，終於追上了。等魏軍衝上去時，突然一聲炮響，看到十多名大將擁著一輛四輪車，上頭竟然坐著諸葛亮，司馬懿一看便大叫：「中計了！」趕緊下令撤退，足足退了五十多公里才停下來。其實車上只是木雕的諸葛亮像，這全是他生前早已安排好的策略。
Sih Ma Yi, the general of Wei, was an expert in astrology, so he knew that his arch rival Jhu Ge Liang had passed away. But he was concerned that he could be faking his death to lure the Wei army into a trap. So he sent some scouts to find out if there were any movements in the Shu army first. To his surprise, the Shu army had completely retreated. This convinced Sih Ma Yi that Jhu Ge Liang had indeed died. So he led his army on a frantic chase. Finally, the Wei army caught up with the Shu army. But when the Wei army charged forward, suddenly they heard a sound of canons. There were several generals who escorted a carriage on which, to his horror, sat Jhu Ge Liang. Sih Ma Yi shouted out loud, “ We’ve been tricked!” Immediately, he sounded retreat, and the Wei army retreated to as far as 50 kilometers back. What Sih Ma Yi did not know at the time was that Jhu Ge Liang had indeed died earlier. What Sih Ma Yi saw sitting on the carriage was just a wooden dummy dressed up like Jhu Ge Liang. And all these events were anticipated and planned for before Jhu Ge Liang’s death.
借屍還魂將看起來沒有用的東西重新加以利用，讓自己在主動及操控的地位，而不是被人操控。
To revive something useless by giving it new purpose, this adds new variables or uncertainties that an enemy has to take time to consider, giving us an opportunity to seize the initiative and control of a given situation.
【原文】第十五計‧調虎離山待天以困之，用人以誘之，往蹇來連。
【按語】兵書曰：「下政攻城」。若攻堅，則自取敗亡矣。敵既得地利，則不可爭其地。且敵有主而勢大：有主，則非利不來趨；勢大，則非天人合用，不能勝。漢末，羌率眾數千，遮虞詡於隊倉崤谷。詡即停軍不進，而宣言上書請兵，須到乃發。羌聞之，乃分抄旁縣。翔因其兵散，日夜進道，兼行百餘里，令軍士各作兩灶，日倍增之，羌不敢逼，遂大破之。兵到乃發者，利誘之也；日夜兼進者，用天時以困之也；倍增其灶者，惑之以人事也。
【中英對照】
第十五計： 調虎離山
Strategy 15: Entice the Tiger to Leave Its Mountain Lair
韓信中計被擒
Han Sin Trapped and Captured
當年漢高祖 劉邦在建立漢朝時，為了獎勵將領為自己效命，便採用封諸侯王的方式，因此這些受封的將領都各自擁有強大的兵力及領土，在漢朝政局漸漸穩定時，高祖便開始憂心將領會叛變，其中功勞最大的韓信便是首當其衝。
When Liou Bang established the Han Dynasty, he adopted the feudal system whereby a general is awarded land and title in proportion to his merits in battle. This was done to encourage his generals to be brave in war. As a result, all the generals possessed large territories and had large armies of their own. After the political situation had stabilized, Liou Bang began to worry if his powerful generals would revolt in the future. Among them, Han Sin, who had gained the most merits in battle, became the biggest threat to Liou Bang.
謀士陳平便向高祖獻計，設計要引誘韓信離開自己強大的勢力範圍，到時候再趁勢將韓信一舉擒來。於是在漢高祖六年( 西元前201年) 那一年，劉邦藉故要到雲夢( 今湖北省長江南北) 一帶去遊玩，下令要那些被冊封的各諸侯王到陳丘來見自己，等到韓信到達的時候，高祖便告訴韓信說有人密告他要造反，於是，當場將韓信抓起來，並且押回到洛陽，接著便下令廢掉他的王位，降為淮陰侯。
Liou Bang’s advisor Chen Ping presented him with a scheme to entice Han Sin to leave his feudal stronghold where he is protected by his army and then capture him. Under the pretext of taking an excursion to a resort, Liou Bang ordered all the feudal lords to come and see him. When Han Sin arrived, he was told that someone had tipped off Liou Bang that he was plotting a revolt. Han Sin was arrested on the spot. Later, his land was confiscated, and he was given the lower rank of marquis.
調虎離山引誘敵人離開他的據點，使敵人居於不利的條件，再趁機攻打敵人。
Entice the enemy to leave his stronghold and then attack him.
【原文】第十六計‧欲擒故縱逼則反兵；走則減勢。緊隨勿迫。累其氣力，消其鬥志，散而後擒，兵不血刃。需，有孚，光。
【按語】所謂縱著，非放之也，隨之，而稍鬆之耳。「窮寇勿追」，亦即此意。蓋不追者，非不隨也，不迫之而已。武侯之七縱七擒，即縱而隨之，故躡輾轉推進，至於不毛之地。武侯之七縱，其意在拓地，在借孟獲以服諸蠻，非兵法也。故論戰，則擒者不可復縱。
【中英對照】
第十六計： 欲擒故縱
Strategy 16: Letting Go of the Small Fish to Catch the Big Fish
冒頓智取東胡國
Mao Dun Took Dong Hu country by Craft
漢朝初年，北方的東胡國聽到匈奴「冒頓」殺父自立為王，想試探冒頓的為人態度，便派使臣向冒頓要一匹千里馬，匈奴國的臣子聽到後紛紛表示，國家只有這一匹先王遺留的千里馬，怎麼可以給人呢？冒頓笑笑後說：「東胡國是鄰居，怎麼可以為了一匹馬，失掉可貴的情誼呢？」於是把馬交給使者。
In the early years of the Han dynasty, news that Prince Mao Dun of the country Syong Nu country murdered his own father and enthroned himself as the new king spread to neighboring country of Dong Hu . The Dong Hu country wanted to see what kind of person Mao Dun was, so they sent an emissary requesting for the king’s horse. The officials of Syong Nu country disapprove, “This is the horse left by the late king. How can we give it away?” But Mao Dun smiled and said, “Dong Hu country is our neighbor. How can we lose their precious friendship just because of a horse?’’ So he gave his horse to Dong Hu country.
後來東胡國又派人來向冒頓討匈奴國的皇后，臣子們更是生氣的反對，沒想到冒頓又笑著說：「我不能為了一個女人，失去與鄰國的交情。」就把皇后交給使者了。
Later Dong Hu country sent the emissary again, this time requesting for the queen of Syong Nu country. The officials were up at arms in protest. But Mao Dun just smiled and said, “I cannot afford to lose the friendship with our neighbor just because of a woman.’’ So again he gave his queen to Dong Hu country.
三個月後，東胡竟然大膽到想要兩國交界的空地，這次，冒頓卻突然從座位上站起來，生氣的說：「土地是一個國家的根本，怎麼可以給人呢？」便下令把使臣等人綁起來，並且以最快的速度出兵攻打東胡國，由於東胡國沒有任何準備，很快整個東胡國就被冒頓給消滅了。
Three months later, Dong Hu country sent the emissary again, this time demanding a piece of land from Syong Nu country. But this time, Mao Dun rose from his chair and said furiously, “Land is the foundation of a country. How can we give it away?’’ He ordered the emissary arrested and ordered an attack on Dong Hu country as soon as possible. Because Mao Dun invaded Dong Hu country without any prior warning, Dong Hu country was caught completely off guard. As a result, Mao Dun conquered Dong Hu country in no time.
欲擒故縱不把對方逼迫得太緊，先讓他自己的實力消耗掉，士氣及心理上都鬆懈時，再一舉進攻，對方一定會自亂陣腳，到時候便可以用最小的代價，取得勝利。
Do not push your enemy too hard. Let him expend his strength first. Then when his morale and his guard are down, attack him at once. The enemy will fall into chaos, and we will be able to achieve victory at the lowest cost.
【原文】第十七計‧拋磚引玉類以誘之，擊蒙也。
【按語】誘敵之法甚多，最妙之法，不在疑似之間，而在類同，以固其惑。以旌旗金鼓誘敵者，疑似也；以老弱糧草誘敵者，則類同也。如：楚伐絞，軍其南門，屈瑕曰：「絞小而輕，輕則寡謀，請勿捍採樵者以誘之。」從之，絞人獲利。明日絞人爭出，驅楚役徙於山中。楚人坐守其北門，而伏諸山下，大敗之，為城下之盟而還。又如孫臏減灶而誘殺龐涓。
【中英對照】
第十七計： 拋磚引玉
Strategy 17: Toss Out a Brick to Attract Jade
蕭翼智取蘭亭帖
Siao Yi Stole the Lanting Preface by Guile
唐太宗喜愛書法，一直想得到「蘭亭序」，可是永欣寺的和尚辯才不肯承認自己擁有真跡。房玄齡便推舉蕭翼，表示他一定有辦法拿到真跡，但是不可以公開派他去，並且要借他一些二王的真跡。
Tang Tai Zong was very fond of calligraphy and had always wanted to acquire the most famous calligraphy painting - The Lanting Preface. The painting was in the possession of Bian Cai, a monk at Yong Sin Temple. However, Bian Cai claimed that he did not own the authentic copy. So Siao Yi was given the task of visiting Bian Cai to steal the real Lanting Preface. Siao Yi went incognito and brought with him two authentic works by the famous calligrapher Er Wang as bait.
蕭翼便裝成窮書生，搭船到永欣寺，他故意到廟裡看壁畫，辯才看到他如此落魄，不但找他聊天還留他過夜。之後每天都找他一起飲酒論文，蕭翼便不經意提到自己有三、四幅二王真跡，辯才要他拿出來看看，果然是真的。
Siao Yi disguised himself as a poor scholar taking a ferry to Yong Sin Temple to study the murals in the temple. Seeing how impoverished Siao Yi is, Bian Cai invited Siao Yi to dinner and to stay at the temple for a while. In the following days, they chatted about art and literature. One day, Siao Yi casually mentioned that he had with him some authentic works by the famous calligrapher Er Wang. Bian Cai asked Siao Yi if he could see them and found that they were indeed authentic.
這時辯才就提到自己也有一幅特別的，蕭翼趁機問：「是什麼呢？」辯才回答：「蘭亭序。」蕭翼故意說：「怎麼可能，聽說在戰亂時早就沒有了！」辯才回答：「這帖傳了七代，是先師臨終給我的，不信我明天拿給你看。」隔天蕭翼看帖時，故意指出有瑕疵，表示不是真跡，辯才便希望蕭翼將其他真跡留下讓他比對看看，於是沒將蘭亭序收起來。
At this moment, Bian Cai mentioned that he, too, had a very special collection. Siao Yi seized this opportunity and asked him about it. Bian Cai told him, “I have the Lanting Preface’’ Siao Yi replied deliberately, “That’s impossible. I heard that the Lanting Preface was destroyed during the war.” Bian Cai replied, “The Lanting Preface had been handed down through seven generations. It was given to me by my late master. I will show it to you tomorrow if you don’t believe me.” The next day, Bian Cai brought out the
Lanting Preface, and while Siao Yi was examining the work, he deliberately pointed out a flaw and said that it could not have been the authentic copy. Bian Cai expressed the wish to see other authentic copies from Siao Yi so that he could compare them with his own. Thinking that he would need to compare it with other copies soon, he did not store it away as he should, but had it lying around on the table.
後來他有事出去，蕭翼便向守房的弟子表示辯才有東西忘了拿，弟子心想他和師父很熟，便開門讓他進去，蕭翼就將二王字帖及蘭亭序一併帶走。
Later, Bian Cai went out to do something. And Siao Yi told the disciples who guarded the temple that Bian Cai forgot something in his room. Thinking that he is an acquaintance of their master, the disciples let him into their master’s room. Siao Yi took the Lanting Preface along with the works of Er Wang that he brought with him and left.
拋磚引玉用相同類似的東西去引誘對方，讓他們搞不清楚真相，並且混淆視聽，因而中計上當，也就是用小利誘得大利的計謀。
Use something similar as bait to entrap the enemy. Confuse him with lies and illusions until he is trapped. This is the strategy of using a small bait to catch something big.
【原文】第十八計‧擒賊擒王摧其堅，奪其魁，以解其體。龍戰於野，其道窮也。
【按語】攻勝則利不勝取。取小遺大，卒之利、將之累、帥之害、攻之虧也。舍勝而不摧堅擒王，是縱虎歸山也。擒王之法，不可圖辨旌旗，而當察其陣中之首動。昔張巡與尹子奇戰，直衝敵營，至子奇麾下，營中大亂，斬賊將五十餘人，殺士卒五千餘人。迎欲射子奇而不識，剡蒿為矢。中者喜謂巡矢盡，走白子奇，乃得其狀，使霽雲射之，中其左目，幾獲之，子奇乃收軍退還。
【中英對照】
第十八計： 擒賊擒王
Strategy 18: Defeat the Enemy by Capturing Their Chief
用麥桿擒王
Capture The Leader With Wheat Stalks
唐玄宗時有位進士叫做張巡，在安史之亂時他奉命討伐叛賊，由於他擅於用兵，所以將反賊打得落花流水。不過，敵軍雖然死傷慘重仍不肯退兵，這時，張巡便想到只有擒住賊王才能結束戰爭。
The An Shih Rebellion happened during the Tang Dynasty. Jhang Syun was the general in charge of defeating the rebels. Because he was an expert in military strategy, Jhang Syun defeated the rebel army in battle. The rebel army suffered significant casualties. However, they refused to retreat despite the huge loss. At this point, Jhang Syun realized that the only way to end the war is to capture the leader of the rebel army.
當時敵軍主將是尹子奇，可是，張巡無從得知對方主將是誰？最後他想到一個辦法，他命令所有士兵將麥稈前端全削尖，並把麥稈當箭攻擊敵軍。敵軍一看到射來的箭竟然是麥稈，心想對方一定是箭都用完了，才會出此下策。於是，就撿起地上的麥稈，跑去向主將報告這個好消息。
The rebel leader was Yin Zih Ji. But Jhang Syun did not know that, and he wanted to find out. So he came up with a strategy. He ordered all the soldiers to sharpen the end of the dried wheat stalks and use them as arrows to shoot at the rebels. When the rebel army saw that the defenders were using wheat stalks as arrows, they felt certain that Jhang Syun’s archers must have run out of arrows. So they all picked up the wheat stalks and ran to report this good news to Yin Zih Ji.
這時，張巡早就在一旁觀察敵情，並且命令神射手南霽雲，只要看到麥稈給誰，就向那個人射箭。南霽雲一箭射中了尹子奇的左眼，敵軍見主將受重傷，個個慌了手腳，敵軍只好停止進攻。
Unknown to the rebels, all their movements were being watched by Jhang Syun. He had ordered his best archer to shoot at whomever the rebels presented the wheat stalks to. As a result, an arrow hit Yin Zih Ji right in the left eye, leaving him badly wounded. The spectacle of their leader’s injury created chaos among the rebels. As a result they stopped fighting.
擒賊擒王捉住敵軍的主將，可以達到瓦解敵軍主力的作用，因為主將是整個軍隊的指揮中心，失去中心的軍隊，必定像一盤散沙一樣，潰不成軍。
Capturing the general of the enemy can destroy the enemy’s fighting capability. This is because the general is the one who commands and controls the whole army. An army without its general is as weak and amorphous as sand.
佚名
總說
【原文】六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其空，機不可設，設則不中。
【按語】解語重數不重理，蓋理，術語自明；而數，則在言外，若徒知術之為術，而不知術中有數，則術多不應，且詭謀權術，原在事理之中，人情之內。徜事出不經，則詭異立見，詫世惑俗，而機謀洩矣。或曰：三十六計中，每六計成一套，第一套為勝戰計，第二套為敵戰計，第三套為攻戰計，第四套為混戰計，第五套為並戰計，第六套為敗戰計。
第三套 攻戰計
【原文】第十三計‧打草驚蛇疑以叩實，察而後動；復者，陰之媒也。
【按語】敵力不露，陰謀深沉，未可輕進，應遍揮其鋒。兵書云：「軍旁有險阻、潢井、葭葦、山林、翳薈者，必謹復索之，此伏奸所藏也。」
【中英對照】
第十三計： 打草驚蛇
Strategy 13: Beat the Grass to Startle the Snake
智收巡撫印
Recovering the Seal by Craft
在清 道光年間時，江南某巡撫王守愚有位副將叫趙伯仁，副將因與巡撫有過私怨，便想找機會報復，於是收買了監印官偷偷將官印拿出來，巡撫後來知道這件事，但苦無證據沒辦法捉拿副將。
During the Cing Dynasty, there was a circuit court judge named Wang Shou Yu. He had a deputy named Jhao Bo Ren. Because of some personal feud with the judge, Jhao Bo Ren was looking for an opportunity to get back at the judge. One day, he bribed a guard to steal the judge’s seal. Wang Shou Yu later found out what happened, but he could not arrest the deputy because he did not have any evidence that Jhao Bo Ren stole the seal. And without the seal, Wang Shou Yu could not do his job as a judge.
這時身旁的佐刑書吏便想出一條妙計，當天晚上巡撫衙門突然失火，按規定所有人都要來救火，這時看到巡撫慌張地捧著官印箱跑出來，便將印箱交給了副將，並且命令他趕緊拿回家中保管，副將接過來發覺印箱重重的，便有點猶豫，但不可以違抗命令更不能打開來看。
Seeing how troubled the judge is, his assistant came up with a brilliant plan to recover the seal. That night, the government building suddenly caught on fire. According to the rules, everyone was obliged to come to help put out the fire. At this moment, Wang Shou Yu hastily rushed out of the building with the box that stores the judge’s seal in his hands. In front of everybody, he handed over the box toJhao Bo Ren and ordered him home to keep the seal safe from fire. Jhao Bo Ren hesitated. He was suspicious because the box was heavy. But he couldn’t do anything but to obey the order, since he could not open the box in front of everyone.
隔天巡撫便升堂對士兵們論功行賞，副將當然也把印箱交回，巡撫當場打開印箱，原先放在箱中的石頭，已換回原來黃澄澄的官印。
The next morning, Wang Shou Yu assembled everyone in the court house to reward them for their contributions in fighting the fire last night. When Jhao Bo Ren handed the box over to Wang Shou Yu, the judge opened it on the spot. The stone which had previously been placed in the box was now replaced by the stolen seal.
打草驚蛇指當對方情況不明，我們要用旁敲側擊的方法，反覆地試探，使對方陰謀暴露，我們便可以依情況來出擊。
When the enemy’s intention is unclear, we should launch indirect probes and observe the reactions of the enemy until his plans are exposed. The behavior of the enemy will reveal his strategy, and we can react accordingly.
【原文】第十四計‧借屍還魂有用者，不可借；不能用者，求借。借不能用者而用之，匪我求童蒙，童蒙求我。
【按語】換代之際，紛立亡國之後者，固借尸還魂之意也。凡一切寄兵權於人，而代其攻守者，皆此用也。
【中英對照】
第十四計： 借屍還魂
Strategy 14: Borrow a Corpse to Resurrect the Soul
死諸葛嚇走司馬懿
The Dead Jhu Ge Liang Scares Away Sih Ma Yi
西元234年諸葛亮因操勞過度去世了，在過世前他知道一旦自己不在了，魏軍一定會趁機攻打蜀漢，於是他叫幕僚長楊儀，到時候一定要封鎖消息，等到蜀軍安全撤離才可以公布，就連撤離途中如果遇到攻擊該如何防禦，也都交待清楚。
In 234 AD, Shu’s military advisor Jhu Ge Liang passed away through over-work and illness. Before he died, he knew that once he was gone, the Wei army would take this opportunity to attack Shu. So he instructed the chief of staff Yang Yi to withhold the news of his death until the Shu army had safely retreated. He even gave detailed instructions on how to defend against an attack during their retreat.
魏軍將領司馬懿精通星象，所以知道諸葛亮已經過世，可是又怕是用裝死的計謀來引誘魏軍，便先派一小隊士兵打探軍情，沒想到蜀軍已全部撤退了，於是司馬懿領軍追趕，終於追上了。等魏軍衝上去時，突然一聲炮響，看到十多名大將擁著一輛四輪車，上頭竟然坐著諸葛亮，司馬懿一看便大叫：「中計了！」趕緊下令撤退，足足退了五十多公里才停下來。其實車上只是木雕的諸葛亮像，這全是他生前早已安排好的策略。
Sih Ma Yi, the general of Wei, was an expert in astrology, so he knew that his arch rival Jhu Ge Liang had passed away. But he was concerned that he could be faking his death to lure the Wei army into a trap. So he sent some scouts to find out if there were any movements in the Shu army first. To his surprise, the Shu army had completely retreated. This convinced Sih Ma Yi that Jhu Ge Liang had indeed died. So he led his army on a frantic chase. Finally, the Wei army caught up with the Shu army. But when the Wei army charged forward, suddenly they heard a sound of canons. There were several generals who escorted a carriage on which, to his horror, sat Jhu Ge Liang. Sih Ma Yi shouted out loud, “ We’ve been tricked!” Immediately, he sounded retreat, and the Wei army retreated to as far as 50 kilometers back. What Sih Ma Yi did not know at the time was that Jhu Ge Liang had indeed died earlier. What Sih Ma Yi saw sitting on the carriage was just a wooden dummy dressed up like Jhu Ge Liang. And all these events were anticipated and planned for before Jhu Ge Liang’s death.
借屍還魂將看起來沒有用的東西重新加以利用，讓自己在主動及操控的地位，而不是被人操控。
To revive something useless by giving it new purpose, this adds new variables or uncertainties that an enemy has to take time to consider, giving us an opportunity to seize the initiative and control of a given situation.
【原文】第十五計‧調虎離山待天以困之，用人以誘之，往蹇來連。
【按語】兵書曰：「下政攻城」。若攻堅，則自取敗亡矣。敵既得地利，則不可爭其地。且敵有主而勢大：有主，則非利不來趨；勢大，則非天人合用，不能勝。漢末，羌率眾數千，遮虞詡於隊倉崤谷。詡即停軍不進，而宣言上書請兵，須到乃發。羌聞之，乃分抄旁縣。翔因其兵散，日夜進道，兼行百餘里，令軍士各作兩灶，日倍增之，羌不敢逼，遂大破之。兵到乃發者，利誘之也；日夜兼進者，用天時以困之也；倍增其灶者，惑之以人事也。
【中英對照】
第十五計： 調虎離山
Strategy 15: Entice the Tiger to Leave Its Mountain Lair
韓信中計被擒
Han Sin Trapped and Captured
當年漢高祖 劉邦在建立漢朝時，為了獎勵將領為自己效命，便採用封諸侯王的方式，因此這些受封的將領都各自擁有強大的兵力及領土，在漢朝政局漸漸穩定時，高祖便開始憂心將領會叛變，其中功勞最大的韓信便是首當其衝。
When Liou Bang established the Han Dynasty, he adopted the feudal system whereby a general is awarded land and title in proportion to his merits in battle. This was done to encourage his generals to be brave in war. As a result, all the generals possessed large territories and had large armies of their own. After the political situation had stabilized, Liou Bang began to worry if his powerful generals would revolt in the future. Among them, Han Sin, who had gained the most merits in battle, became the biggest threat to Liou Bang.
謀士陳平便向高祖獻計，設計要引誘韓信離開自己強大的勢力範圍，到時候再趁勢將韓信一舉擒來。於是在漢高祖六年( 西元前201年) 那一年，劉邦藉故要到雲夢( 今湖北省長江南北) 一帶去遊玩，下令要那些被冊封的各諸侯王到陳丘來見自己，等到韓信到達的時候，高祖便告訴韓信說有人密告他要造反，於是，當場將韓信抓起來，並且押回到洛陽，接著便下令廢掉他的王位，降為淮陰侯。
Liou Bang’s advisor Chen Ping presented him with a scheme to entice Han Sin to leave his feudal stronghold where he is protected by his army and then capture him. Under the pretext of taking an excursion to a resort, Liou Bang ordered all the feudal lords to come and see him. When Han Sin arrived, he was told that someone had tipped off Liou Bang that he was plotting a revolt. Han Sin was arrested on the spot. Later, his land was confiscated, and he was given the lower rank of marquis.
調虎離山引誘敵人離開他的據點，使敵人居於不利的條件，再趁機攻打敵人。
Entice the enemy to leave his stronghold and then attack him.
【原文】第十六計‧欲擒故縱逼則反兵；走則減勢。緊隨勿迫。累其氣力，消其鬥志，散而後擒，兵不血刃。需，有孚，光。
【按語】所謂縱著，非放之也，隨之，而稍鬆之耳。「窮寇勿追」，亦即此意。蓋不追者，非不隨也，不迫之而已。武侯之七縱七擒，即縱而隨之，故躡輾轉推進，至於不毛之地。武侯之七縱，其意在拓地，在借孟獲以服諸蠻，非兵法也。故論戰，則擒者不可復縱。
【中英對照】
第十六計： 欲擒故縱
Strategy 16: Letting Go of the Small Fish to Catch the Big Fish
冒頓智取東胡國
Mao Dun Took Dong Hu country by Craft
漢朝初年，北方的東胡國聽到匈奴「冒頓」殺父自立為王，想試探冒頓的為人態度，便派使臣向冒頓要一匹千里馬，匈奴國的臣子聽到後紛紛表示，國家只有這一匹先王遺留的千里馬，怎麼可以給人呢？冒頓笑笑後說：「東胡國是鄰居，怎麼可以為了一匹馬，失掉可貴的情誼呢？」於是把馬交給使者。
In the early years of the Han dynasty, news that Prince Mao Dun of the country Syong Nu country murdered his own father and enthroned himself as the new king spread to neighboring country of Dong Hu . The Dong Hu country wanted to see what kind of person Mao Dun was, so they sent an emissary requesting for the king’s horse. The officials of Syong Nu country disapprove, “This is the horse left by the late king. How can we give it away?” But Mao Dun smiled and said, “Dong Hu country is our neighbor. How can we lose their precious friendship just because of a horse?’’ So he gave his horse to Dong Hu country.
後來東胡國又派人來向冒頓討匈奴國的皇后，臣子們更是生氣的反對，沒想到冒頓又笑著說：「我不能為了一個女人，失去與鄰國的交情。」就把皇后交給使者了。
Later Dong Hu country sent the emissary again, this time requesting for the queen of Syong Nu country. The officials were up at arms in protest. But Mao Dun just smiled and said, “I cannot afford to lose the friendship with our neighbor just because of a woman.’’ So again he gave his queen to Dong Hu country.
三個月後，東胡竟然大膽到想要兩國交界的空地，這次，冒頓卻突然從座位上站起來，生氣的說：「土地是一個國家的根本，怎麼可以給人呢？」便下令把使臣等人綁起來，並且以最快的速度出兵攻打東胡國，由於東胡國沒有任何準備，很快整個東胡國就被冒頓給消滅了。
Three months later, Dong Hu country sent the emissary again, this time demanding a piece of land from Syong Nu country. But this time, Mao Dun rose from his chair and said furiously, “Land is the foundation of a country. How can we give it away?’’ He ordered the emissary arrested and ordered an attack on Dong Hu country as soon as possible. Because Mao Dun invaded Dong Hu country without any prior warning, Dong Hu country was caught completely off guard. As a result, Mao Dun conquered Dong Hu country in no time.
欲擒故縱不把對方逼迫得太緊，先讓他自己的實力消耗掉，士氣及心理上都鬆懈時，再一舉進攻，對方一定會自亂陣腳，到時候便可以用最小的代價，取得勝利。
Do not push your enemy too hard. Let him expend his strength first. Then when his morale and his guard are down, attack him at once. The enemy will fall into chaos, and we will be able to achieve victory at the lowest cost.
【原文】第十七計‧拋磚引玉類以誘之，擊蒙也。
【按語】誘敵之法甚多，最妙之法，不在疑似之間，而在類同，以固其惑。以旌旗金鼓誘敵者，疑似也；以老弱糧草誘敵者，則類同也。如：楚伐絞，軍其南門，屈瑕曰：「絞小而輕，輕則寡謀，請勿捍採樵者以誘之。」從之，絞人獲利。明日絞人爭出，驅楚役徙於山中。楚人坐守其北門，而伏諸山下，大敗之，為城下之盟而還。又如孫臏減灶而誘殺龐涓。
【中英對照】
第十七計： 拋磚引玉
Strategy 17: Toss Out a Brick to Attract Jade
蕭翼智取蘭亭帖
Siao Yi Stole the Lanting Preface by Guile
唐太宗喜愛書法，一直想得到「蘭亭序」，可是永欣寺的和尚辯才不肯承認自己擁有真跡。房玄齡便推舉蕭翼，表示他一定有辦法拿到真跡，但是不可以公開派他去，並且要借他一些二王的真跡。
Tang Tai Zong was very fond of calligraphy and had always wanted to acquire the most famous calligraphy painting - The Lanting Preface. The painting was in the possession of Bian Cai, a monk at Yong Sin Temple. However, Bian Cai claimed that he did not own the authentic copy. So Siao Yi was given the task of visiting Bian Cai to steal the real Lanting Preface. Siao Yi went incognito and brought with him two authentic works by the famous calligrapher Er Wang as bait.
蕭翼便裝成窮書生，搭船到永欣寺，他故意到廟裡看壁畫，辯才看到他如此落魄，不但找他聊天還留他過夜。之後每天都找他一起飲酒論文，蕭翼便不經意提到自己有三、四幅二王真跡，辯才要他拿出來看看，果然是真的。
Siao Yi disguised himself as a poor scholar taking a ferry to Yong Sin Temple to study the murals in the temple. Seeing how impoverished Siao Yi is, Bian Cai invited Siao Yi to dinner and to stay at the temple for a while. In the following days, they chatted about art and literature. One day, Siao Yi casually mentioned that he had with him some authentic works by the famous calligrapher Er Wang. Bian Cai asked Siao Yi if he could see them and found that they were indeed authentic.
這時辯才就提到自己也有一幅特別的，蕭翼趁機問：「是什麼呢？」辯才回答：「蘭亭序。」蕭翼故意說：「怎麼可能，聽說在戰亂時早就沒有了！」辯才回答：「這帖傳了七代，是先師臨終給我的，不信我明天拿給你看。」隔天蕭翼看帖時，故意指出有瑕疵，表示不是真跡，辯才便希望蕭翼將其他真跡留下讓他比對看看，於是沒將蘭亭序收起來。
At this moment, Bian Cai mentioned that he, too, had a very special collection. Siao Yi seized this opportunity and asked him about it. Bian Cai told him, “I have the Lanting Preface’’ Siao Yi replied deliberately, “That’s impossible. I heard that the Lanting Preface was destroyed during the war.” Bian Cai replied, “The Lanting Preface had been handed down through seven generations. It was given to me by my late master. I will show it to you tomorrow if you don’t believe me.” The next day, Bian Cai brought out the
Lanting Preface, and while Siao Yi was examining the work, he deliberately pointed out a flaw and said that it could not have been the authentic copy. Bian Cai expressed the wish to see other authentic copies from Siao Yi so that he could compare them with his own. Thinking that he would need to compare it with other copies soon, he did not store it away as he should, but had it lying around on the table.
後來他有事出去，蕭翼便向守房的弟子表示辯才有東西忘了拿，弟子心想他和師父很熟，便開門讓他進去，蕭翼就將二王字帖及蘭亭序一併帶走。
Later, Bian Cai went out to do something. And Siao Yi told the disciples who guarded the temple that Bian Cai forgot something in his room. Thinking that he is an acquaintance of their master, the disciples let him into their master’s room. Siao Yi took the Lanting Preface along with the works of Er Wang that he brought with him and left.
拋磚引玉用相同類似的東西去引誘對方，讓他們搞不清楚真相，並且混淆視聽，因而中計上當，也就是用小利誘得大利的計謀。
Use something similar as bait to entrap the enemy. Confuse him with lies and illusions until he is trapped. This is the strategy of using a small bait to catch something big.
【原文】第十八計‧擒賊擒王摧其堅，奪其魁，以解其體。龍戰於野，其道窮也。
【按語】攻勝則利不勝取。取小遺大，卒之利、將之累、帥之害、攻之虧也。舍勝而不摧堅擒王，是縱虎歸山也。擒王之法，不可圖辨旌旗，而當察其陣中之首動。昔張巡與尹子奇戰，直衝敵營，至子奇麾下，營中大亂，斬賊將五十餘人，殺士卒五千餘人。迎欲射子奇而不識，剡蒿為矢。中者喜謂巡矢盡，走白子奇，乃得其狀，使霽雲射之，中其左目，幾獲之，子奇乃收軍退還。
【中英對照】
第十八計： 擒賊擒王
Strategy 18: Defeat the Enemy by Capturing Their Chief
用麥桿擒王
Capture The Leader With Wheat Stalks
唐玄宗時有位進士叫做張巡，在安史之亂時他奉命討伐叛賊，由於他擅於用兵，所以將反賊打得落花流水。不過，敵軍雖然死傷慘重仍不肯退兵，這時，張巡便想到只有擒住賊王才能結束戰爭。
The An Shih Rebellion happened during the Tang Dynasty. Jhang Syun was the general in charge of defeating the rebels. Because he was an expert in military strategy, Jhang Syun defeated the rebel army in battle. The rebel army suffered significant casualties. However, they refused to retreat despite the huge loss. At this point, Jhang Syun realized that the only way to end the war is to capture the leader of the rebel army.
當時敵軍主將是尹子奇，可是，張巡無從得知對方主將是誰？最後他想到一個辦法，他命令所有士兵將麥稈前端全削尖，並把麥稈當箭攻擊敵軍。敵軍一看到射來的箭竟然是麥稈，心想對方一定是箭都用完了，才會出此下策。於是，就撿起地上的麥稈，跑去向主將報告這個好消息。
The rebel leader was Yin Zih Ji. But Jhang Syun did not know that, and he wanted to find out. So he came up with a strategy. He ordered all the soldiers to sharpen the end of the dried wheat stalks and use them as arrows to shoot at the rebels. When the rebel army saw that the defenders were using wheat stalks as arrows, they felt certain that Jhang Syun’s archers must have run out of arrows. So they all picked up the wheat stalks and ran to report this good news to Yin Zih Ji.
這時，張巡早就在一旁觀察敵情，並且命令神射手南霽雲，只要看到麥稈給誰，就向那個人射箭。南霽雲一箭射中了尹子奇的左眼，敵軍見主將受重傷，個個慌了手腳，敵軍只好停止進攻。
Unknown to the rebels, all their movements were being watched by Jhang Syun. He had ordered his best archer to shoot at whomever the rebels presented the wheat stalks to. As a result, an arrow hit Yin Zih Ji right in the left eye, leaving him badly wounded. The spectacle of their leader’s injury created chaos among the rebels. As a result they stopped fighting.
擒賊擒王捉住敵軍的主將，可以達到瓦解敵軍主力的作用，因為主將是整個軍隊的指揮中心，失去中心的軍隊，必定像一盤散沙一樣，潰不成軍。
Capturing the general of the enemy can destroy the enemy’s fighting capability. This is because the general is the one who commands and controls the whole army. An army without its general is as weak and amorphous as sand.
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