《三十六計》第四套 混戰計 36 Strategies / Stratagems
佚名
總說
【原文】六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其空，機不可設，設則不中。
【按語】解語重數不重理，蓋理，術語自明；而數，則在言外，若徒知術之為術，而不知術中有數，則術多不應，且詭謀權術，原在事理之中，人情之內。徜事出不經，則詭異立見，詫世惑俗，而機謀洩矣。或曰：三十六計中，每六計成一套，第一套為勝戰計，第二套為敵戰計，第三套為攻戰計，第四套為混戰計，第五套為並戰計，第六套為敗戰計。
第四套 混戰計
【原文】第十九計‧釜底抽薪不敵其力，而消其勢，兌下乾上之象。
【按語】水沸者，力也，火之力也，陽中之陽也，銳不可當；薪者，火之魄也，即力之勢也，陰中之陰也，近而無害；故力不可當而勢猶可消。《尉繚子》曰：「氣實則鬥，氣奪則走。」而奪氣之法，則在攻心。昔吳漢為大司馬，有寇夜攻漢營，軍中驚擾，漢堅臥不動，軍中聞漢不動，有傾乃定。乃選精兵反擊，大破之。此即不直當其力而撲消其勢也。宋薛長儒為漢、湖、滑三州通判，駐漢州。州兵數百叛，開營門，謀殺知州、兵馬監押，燒營以為亂。有來告者，知州、監押皆不敢出。長儒挺身徒步，自壞垣入其營中，以福禍語亂卒日：「汝輩皆有父母妻子，何故作此？叛者立於左，脅從者立於右！」於是，不與謀者數百人立於右；獨主謀者十三人突門而出，散於諸村野，尋捕獲。時謂非長儒，則一城塗炭矣！此即攻心奪氣之用也。或日：敵與敵對，搗強敵之虛以敗其將成之功也。
【中英對照】
第十九計： 釜底抽薪
Strategy 19: Removing the Firewood From Under the Stove
官渡之戰
The Guan Du Battle
漢獻帝 建安四年時，對曹操威脅最大的，是據守在北方的袁紹。隔年，兩軍正式交戰在陽武（今河南省陽武縣），曹操的兵力遠不如袁紹的十萬大軍，加上曹軍的軍糧所剩不多，士兵又累，曹操陷入苦戰，這時，袁紹的謀士許攸卻跑來投奔曹操。
In the fourth year of Han emperor Sian’s Jian An period, the biggest threat to Cao Cao was Yuan Shao who was entrenched in the north. The next year, the two armies formally engaged in battle at Yang Wu. The strength of Cao Cao’s forces numbered far less than Yuan Shao’s army of one hundred thousand. Furthermore, Cao Cao’s food supply was running low, and his soldiers were exhausted. It was a really bad situation for Cao Cao. However, at this time, Syu You, the advisor to Yuan Shao, unexpectedly chose to defect to the side of Cao Cao.
曹操便詢問許攸如何對付袁紹，許攸建議用智取，不要正面攻擊，並且告知袁紹的軍糧都放在烏巢( 河南省 延津縣東南) ，那裡沒有很多兵力看守，建議突襲糧倉放火燒糧，讓十萬大軍斷糧，這樣就可以削減袁紹的軍力。
Cao Cao asked Syu You for ideas on how to fight Yuan Shao. Syu You suggested that instead of a frontal attack against Yuan Shao’s larger force, it is better to use win by wit. He informed Cao Cao that the food supply for the Yuan army was stored at a placed called Wu Chao, and its defense was minimal. Syu Yousuggested a raid to burn down the barns where all the food was stored. A sudden cut in food supply for all one hundred thousand soldiers would surely reduce the strength of the Yuan army.
果然，當袁紹知道糧草失火消息，便派部分軍隊前往營救，結果還是搶救失敗。另外，主力軍攻向曹軍所在處官渡也戰敗，全軍士氣瓦解，士兵逃得逃，死得死，十萬大軍只剩兩萬左右，袁紹的政權就瓦解了。
Indeed, when Yuan Shao heard the news of the fire, he sent some of his troops to rescue the food supply.Of course, their efforts were in vain. Apart from that, Yuan Shao’s main force which headed for Guan Du, where the Cao army was encamped, was defeated as well. Without food, the morale of his troops soon collapsed. The soldiers either fled or were killed. As a result, Yuan Shao’s army of one hundred thousand strong was reduced to a mere twenty thousand. As a consequence, Yuan Shao’s regime collapsed.
釜底抽薪原指要停止沸騰的水，直接抽走鍋底下的柴木，也就是解決問題要從根本上著手。此指不直接與敵軍正面衝突，改用其它辦法將敵軍的實力及氣勢削減。
The best way to stop the water from boiling is to remove the firewood from the stove. In other words, you’ve got to solve a problem by tackling its source. Here it means you don’t have to defeat an enemy by defeating it on the battlefield. Instead, you can use other means to weaken the strength and the morale of the enemy.
【原文】第廿計‧混水摸魚乘其陰亂，利其弱而無主。隨，以向晦入宴息。
【按語】動蕩之際，數力衝撞，弱者依違無主，散蔽而不察，我隨而取之。《六韜》曰：「三軍數驚，士卒不齊，相恐以敵強，相語以不利，耳目相屬，妖言不止，眾口相惑，不畏法令，不重其將：此弱征也。」是魚，混戰之際，擇此而取之。如：劉備之得荊州，取西川，皆此計也。
【中英對照】
第二十計： 混水摸魚
Strategy 20: Catch a Fish While the Water is Disturbed
混水摸魚
Roil the Water to Catch the Fish
有一次，晉武帝派二十萬大軍兵分六路攻打東吳，其中鎮南大將軍杜預，到長江中游樂鄉城時，便派屬下周旨帶著兩百名士兵，趁著天黑渡過長江，渡江後所有士兵都換上吳軍服裝，並埋伏在樂鄉城外。
Jin Wu Di once sent an army of two hundred thousand soldiers to attack Wu. The Jin army was led by the great general Du Yu. When the Jin army arrived at the city of Yue Siang which was right next to the Yangtze River, his captain Jhou Jhih crossed the river at night with two hundred raiders. Then they all changed into Wu army’s uniform, hid themselves outside the city of Yue Siang, and waited in ambush.
第二天，樂鄉城的守將孫歆帶兵出城，在長江上游和晉軍大戰，吳軍戰敗，軍隊全往樂鄉城方向逃。這時，前一天埋伏的晉軍，就趁機混進吳軍裡一起進城，進城後依照計畫在城裡四處放火。當城裡一片混亂時，周旨帶著軍隊衝入吳軍的指揮中心，將孫歆活捉起來，樂鄉城就被晉軍占領。
The next day, Sun Sin, the general in charge of defending Yue Siang, took his army outside the city walls to fight the Jin army. The Wu army lost the battle, and as the troops fled back to the city of Yue Siang, the two hundred Jin raiders mingled in with the Wu army and entered the city walls during the chaos. Afterwards, they set fires all over the city as planned. And when everything was in chaos, Jhou Jhih and his raiders rushed into the headquarter of the Wu army and caught Sun Sin alive. This was how the city of Yue Siang fell to the Jin army.
之後吳軍在各地和晉軍交戰全都戰敗，前後不到五個
月，吳國便投降。
The rest of the Wu army was defeated in subsequent battles. In less than five months Wu surrendered to Jin.
混水摸魚原指把水弄混濁，讓水中的魚看不清楚，便可趁機抓魚。這裡是指製造混亂的局面，讓敵軍搞不清楚真假及方向，我軍就可以趁機獲利。
Originally it means to roil the water sediments in order to cloud the vision of the fish and catch the fish. Here it means to create confusion so that the enemy does not know what is real and what is not, nor where we are feinting and where we are attacking. This way, a confused enemy is more vulnerable to our attack.
【原文】第廿一計‧金蟬脫殼存其形，完其勢；友不疑，敵不動。巽而止，蠱。
【按語】共友擊敵，坐觀其勢。尚另有一敵，則須去而存勢。則金蟬脫殼者，非徒走也，蓋為分身之法也。故大軍轉動，而旌旗金鼓，儼然原陣，使敵不敢動，友不生疑，待己摧他敵而返，而友敵始知，或猶且不知。然則金蟬脫殼者，在對敵之際，而抽精銳以襲別陣也。如：諸葛亮卒於軍，司馬懿追焉，姜維令儀反旗鳴鼓，若向懿者，懿退，於是儀結營而去。檀道濟被圍，乃命軍士悉甲，身自（白）服乘輿徐出外圍，魏懼有伏，不敢逼，乃歸。
【中英對照】
第二十一計： 金蟬脫殼
Strategy 21: Shed Off the Shell Like a Golden Cicada
軍營無人，鼓聲隆隆
Empty Camp, Beating Drums
南宋 寧宗 開禧二年（西元1206年）宋朝派兵攻打金人，接連吃了好幾場敗仗，宋朝將士畢再遇決定撤軍，不過要如何全身而退可把他考倒了。
In 1206 AD during the Song Dynasty, the emperor sent an army to attack Jin but was defeated several times. Bi Zai Yu, the general of the Song army, decided to retreat. But the question of how to retreat safely troubled him greatly.
後來畢再遇想到一個辦法，他下令三件事，第一、軍旗不可以拔起來，第二、帳蓬不能拆掉，第三、打鼓聲不能停止。等到沒有月亮的夜裡，畢再遇就下令全軍撤退，到了第二天天亮時，金兵看宋營裡，軍旗飄揚著，鼓聲也沒有停過，以為一切正常，這樣的情形過了兩三天後，金兵開始覺得有些奇怪，因為沒有看到有任何士兵走動，於是就派人前往偵察，這才發現宋營早就空無一人。
Bi Zai Yu later came up with a solution. He gave three orders: First, the flags were not to be pulled out. Second, the army tents were not to be taken down. Third, the battle drums must not stop beating. This done, Bi Zai Yu ordered his army to retreat under the cover of night. At the crack of dawn, the Jin army saw nothing unusual on the Song side: The flags were flying, and the sound of battle drums continued. It was not until a few days later that they started to become suspicious because there was no sign of movement within the Song camp. So they sent a scout to see what was going on, only to find that the Song camp had long been deserted.
可是為什麼鼓聲還響個不停，金兵走到營區後面一看，原來，畢再遇派士兵抓了數十隻羊，把牠們後腿倒吊綁在樹上，前腿剛好放在鼓上面，由於倒掛很不舒服，羊掙脫時自然會用前腿用力蹬著，鼓就被敲得咚咚作響。
But if the camp were deserted, how could the battle drums still beat? The Jin soldiers walked to the back of the camp and discovered the answer. Bi Zai Yu had ordered his soldiers to catch several goats and tie up their hind legs up on a tree with a rope. The front legs of the goats were left dangling just low enough to beat on the drums. Due to the discomfort of hanging upside down, the goats struggled with their front legs to try to free themselves. This was why the drums were kept beating.
金蟬脫殼原指寒蟬在蛻變時，會脫殼飛走並且將殼留在原地。後引申為運用計謀，轉移敵人的注意，再趁機脫逃的意思。
When the golden cicada periodically sheds off its skin, it would fly off but leave its outer shell intact. Here, it means to divert the enemy’s attention in order to escape intact.
【原文】第廿二計‧關門捉賊小敵困之。剝，不利有攸往。
【按語】捉賊而必關門，非恐其逸也，恐其逸而為他人所得也；且逸者不可復追，恐其誘也。賊者，奇兵也，游兵也，所以勞我者也。吳子曰：「今使一死賊，伏於曠野，千人追之，莫不梟視狼顧。何者？恐其暴起而害己也。是以一人投命，足懼千夫。」追賊者，賊有脫逃之機，勢必死鬥；若斷其去路，則成擒矣。故小敵必困之，不能，則放之可也。
【中英對照】
第二十二計： 關門捉賊
Strategy 22: Shut the Door to Catch the Thief
請君入甕
Invite You Into the Water Jar
唐朝 武則天當政時，她很寵愛來俊臣和周興這兩位大臣，他們倆設計各種慘無人道的刑具來逼供，常常有無辜的臣子和百姓被嚴刑逼得受不了，只好屈打成招。
During the reign of Empress Wu Ze Tian in the Tang Dynasty, there were two ministers by the name of Lai Jun Chen and Jhou Sing who were favored by the Empress. They devised various torture instruments. From time to time innocent officials and civilians would be tortured using these instruments until they succumbed to the pain and made false confessions.
有一天，武后接獲密報，指出周興私下想造反，武后便派來俊臣去逮捕周興，並查出所有同謀的人。來俊臣覺得十分困難，不是因為兩人是好朋友，而是周興對於刑罰太了解，要他老實招供不容易。
One day, the Empress received tips that Jhou Sing was plotting a revolt. The Empress thus assigned Lai Jun Chen to arrest Jhou Sing and to find out all the conspirators. Lai Jun Chen thought it was a difficult task, not because they were good friends, but because Jhou Sing was also an expert at torture techniques. It would not be easy to make him confess.
來俊臣就找周興吃飯，故意用請教的口氣問：「最近罪犯是越來越狡猾，各種刑具都用了，還是不肯招，不知道您有沒有什麼好辦法？」 周興得意地說：「我最近又想到一個讓犯人非招不可的好辦法，只要用一個大甕，裡面裝滿水，再將犯人放進甕裡用炭火燒，保證他馬上招。」
Lai Jun Chen then invited Jhou Sing to dinner and deliberately asked him for advice, “Lately the criminals have become more and more cunning. They refuse to confess despite using all kinds of torture on them. Do you have any good ideas?’’ Jhou Sing said elatedly, “I have a new idea which would definitely make any suspect confess. It only requires a large water jar full of water. You put the suspect into the jar full of water and bring the whole thing to a boil. Any suspect would confess right away, I assure you.” After he finished, Lai Jun Chen smacked the table and smiled slyly, “Brilliant! What a marvelous idea!’’ He then ordered his men to carry a big water jar into the room. They filled it with water and brought it to a boil. Before long it was steaming.
來俊臣聽完後，露出奸詐的笑容，拍桌子大叫：「太妙了！真是絕招。」接著就叫屬下搬來一個大甕，並裝滿水，接著燒起熊熊烈火，才一下子，就冒出好多蒸氣。這時，來俊臣立刻翻臉指著周興說：「大膽反賊！你想圖謀造反，皇上已經知道了，下旨要我嚴辦，還不從實招來，不然我可是要『請君入甕』喔！」
At this point, Lai Jun Chen suddenly turned on Jhou Sing and accused him, “How dare you plot against the Empress! She has known your plot all along and has ordered me to investigate you. Confess now! Or else I will be forced to invite you into the water jar!’’
關門捉賊簡單說就是把門關起來，把小賊捉起來，也就是說對於軍力較小的敵人，我們只要把他們困住，便可以一舉消滅敵人，這是最好的方法。
Shut the door to catch the thief. In other words, the best way to deal with a smaller enemy is to trap him and destroy him.
【原文】第廿三計‧遠交近攻形禁勢格，利從近取，害以遠隔。上火下澤。
【按語】混戰之局，縱橫捭闔之中，各自取利。遠不可攻，而可以利相結；近者交之，反使變生肘腋。范睢之謀，為地理之定則，其理甚明。
【中英對照】
第二十三計： 遠交近攻
Strategy 23: Befriend a Distant State and Conquer the Ones Nearby
范雎的遠交近攻
"Befriend a Distant State and Conquer the Ones Nearby" by Fan Suei
戰國末期演變成七雄爭霸，秦國經過商鞅變法後，國力愈來愈強，秦昭王開始計畫吞併其他六國，想要獨霸中原。
Near the end of the Warring States Period, the political situation had developed into a struggle for supremacy among the seven strongest countries. After the reforms instituted by Shang Yang, Cin grew stronger by the day. So king Cin Jhao started plans to conquer the remaining six countries to create the first unified empire in China.
公元前270年，秦昭王下令出兵攻打齊國，宰相范雎便向秦昭王獻上「遠交近攻」的策略，阻止攻打齊國。
In 270 BC, king Cin Jhao wanted to conquer Ci, but his prime minister Fan Suei advised against this. Instead, he presented king Cin Jhao with a scheme to befriend a distance state and attack the ones nearby.
范雎說：「齊國是六國中最強大的，離秦國又很遠，要是先攻打齊國，我國軍隊就要經過韓、魏兩國領土。軍隊少，很難獲勝；軍隊多，就算打贏了也沒辦法占有齊國的土地。不如我們先攻打鄰近的韓、魏兩國，再逐步推向齊國。」又為了防止齊國與韓、魏結盟，秦昭王就派使者主動與齊國結盟。
Fan Suei said, “Among the six countries, Ci is the strongest and the farthest away from Cin . If we attack Ci now, our troops must first go through the territories of Han and Wei. With too few troops, it is difficult to conquer Ci. But with enough troops, it would still be impossible to occupy Ci even if we won. We would be in a no-win situation. Therefore, why not attack the neighboring Han and Wei first and then advance towards Ci step by step?’’ In addition, in order to prevent Ci from allying with Han and Wei, king Cin Jhao took the initiative to form an alliance with Ci.
接下來的四十多年，秦始皇便延續「遠交近攻」的政策，遠交齊、楚，首先攻下韓、魏，後來又從兩側出兵，攻破趙、燕，統一北方；接著攻下楚國，平定南方；最後才把齊國也收拾了，征戰多年，終於實現統一中國的願望。
In the forty years that followed, Cin followed the same policy: Form alliances with Ci and Chu, while taking Han and Wei first. Later, Cin conquered Jhao and Yan to unify the north. Afterwards he conquered Chu in the south. Finally, Cin was able to conquer Ci. King Cin Jhao’s dream of unifying China was thus finalized. This was how king Cin Jhao became Cin Shih Huag, the first emperor of China.
遠交近攻指當地形受到限制時，可以先從近的目標下手，再逐步向遠的地方擴張領域。
When constrained by terrain, you should start with the closest objective and gradually extend your forces further.
【原文】第廿四計‧假道伐虢兩大之間，敵脅以從，我假以勢。困，有言不信。
【按語】假地用兵之舉，非巧言可誑，必其勢不受一方之脅從，則將受雙方之夾擊。如此境況之際，敵必迫之以威，我則誑之以不害，利其幸存之心，速得全勢，彼將不能自陣，故不戰而滅之矣。如：晉侯假道於虞以伐虢，晉滅虢，虢公丑奔京師，師還，襲虞滅之。
【中英對照】
第二十四計： 假途伐虢
Strategy 24: Obtain Safe Passage to Conquer Guo
假途伐虢
Obtain Safe Passage To Conquer Guo
春秋時，虞、虢兩國緊鄰著晉國，晉國一直想併吞他們。
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the small states of Yu and Guo were bordering the larger state of Jin. Jin always wanted to conquer these two neighboring states.
晉獻公就利用名馬和寶玉來收買虞公，讓他答應借路，方便晉國攻打虢國，甚至虞公還派兵幫晉軍帶路，晉國因此順利攻下虢國的下陽。
To this end, Jin Sian Gong used fine horses and jewelry to bribe the duke of Yu in exchange for safe passage for his army to pass through his country to attack Guo. The duke of Yu accepted his offer and even sent troops to lead the way. The Jin army was able to conquer the city of Sia Yang smoothly.
三年後，晉國又再度向虞國借路去攻打虢國，這時虢國大夫宮之奇便勸諫虞公說：「輔車相依，唇亡齒寒。」並說明虞和虢兩國之間的利害關係，希望虞公不要再借路，而應該兩國聯合起來對抗晉國。虞公不聽，還是借路給晉國，這時，宮之奇便預言：「虞和虢會同歸於盡，等不到過年就會滅亡。」說完便帶著家人逃到別國。
Three years later, Jin made the same request to the duke of Yu again. One of the senior officials of Guo, Gong Jhih Ji, cautioned the duke of Yu against accepting Jin’s request by saying, “Yu is to Guo, as lips are to teeth. If the lips are gone, the teeth will be exposed to the cold.” He explained the mutually dependent relationship between Yu and Guo, hoping that the duke of Yu would refuse Jin’s request for safe passage. Instead, both Yu and Guo should unit together to fight Jin. Despite Gong Jhih Ji’s warning and advice, the duke of Yu chose to ignore him and agreed to Jin’s request for safe passage. Gong Jhih Ji thus predicted that both Yu and Guo will would be destroyed together before the end of the year.’’ That said, he took his family and fled to another country.
果然，過年前一個月，晉國滅了虢國，虢公逃到洛陽。晉軍回程時，趁虞國沒有防備心，發動突襲，輕易地把虞國也消滅了。
Indeed. a month before the end of the year, Guo was conquered by Jin. And on their way back through Yu, the Jin army launched a surprise attack on the unsuspecting Yu. As a result, Yu, too, was easily conquered by Jin.
假途伐虢指用對方給自己的方便，來掩飾自己的企圖，趁機再擴大自己的勢力範圍，達到真正想要的目的。
Using the convenience given by your enemy to cover up your real intentions and to increase your power is to achieve your ultimate goal.
佚名
總說
【原文】六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其空，機不可設，設則不中。
【按語】解語重數不重理，蓋理，術語自明；而數，則在言外，若徒知術之為術，而不知術中有數，則術多不應，且詭謀權術，原在事理之中，人情之內。徜事出不經，則詭異立見，詫世惑俗，而機謀洩矣。或曰：三十六計中，每六計成一套，第一套為勝戰計，第二套為敵戰計，第三套為攻戰計，第四套為混戰計，第五套為並戰計，第六套為敗戰計。
第四套 混戰計
【原文】第十九計‧釜底抽薪不敵其力，而消其勢，兌下乾上之象。
【按語】水沸者，力也，火之力也，陽中之陽也，銳不可當；薪者，火之魄也，即力之勢也，陰中之陰也，近而無害；故力不可當而勢猶可消。《尉繚子》曰：「氣實則鬥，氣奪則走。」而奪氣之法，則在攻心。昔吳漢為大司馬，有寇夜攻漢營，軍中驚擾，漢堅臥不動，軍中聞漢不動，有傾乃定。乃選精兵反擊，大破之。此即不直當其力而撲消其勢也。宋薛長儒為漢、湖、滑三州通判，駐漢州。州兵數百叛，開營門，謀殺知州、兵馬監押，燒營以為亂。有來告者，知州、監押皆不敢出。長儒挺身徒步，自壞垣入其營中，以福禍語亂卒日：「汝輩皆有父母妻子，何故作此？叛者立於左，脅從者立於右！」於是，不與謀者數百人立於右；獨主謀者十三人突門而出，散於諸村野，尋捕獲。時謂非長儒，則一城塗炭矣！此即攻心奪氣之用也。或日：敵與敵對，搗強敵之虛以敗其將成之功也。
【中英對照】
第十九計： 釜底抽薪
Strategy 19: Removing the Firewood From Under the Stove
官渡之戰
The Guan Du Battle
漢獻帝 建安四年時，對曹操威脅最大的，是據守在北方的袁紹。隔年，兩軍正式交戰在陽武（今河南省陽武縣），曹操的兵力遠不如袁紹的十萬大軍，加上曹軍的軍糧所剩不多，士兵又累，曹操陷入苦戰，這時，袁紹的謀士許攸卻跑來投奔曹操。
In the fourth year of Han emperor Sian’s Jian An period, the biggest threat to Cao Cao was Yuan Shao who was entrenched in the north. The next year, the two armies formally engaged in battle at Yang Wu. The strength of Cao Cao’s forces numbered far less than Yuan Shao’s army of one hundred thousand. Furthermore, Cao Cao’s food supply was running low, and his soldiers were exhausted. It was a really bad situation for Cao Cao. However, at this time, Syu You, the advisor to Yuan Shao, unexpectedly chose to defect to the side of Cao Cao.
曹操便詢問許攸如何對付袁紹，許攸建議用智取，不要正面攻擊，並且告知袁紹的軍糧都放在烏巢( 河南省 延津縣東南) ，那裡沒有很多兵力看守，建議突襲糧倉放火燒糧，讓十萬大軍斷糧，這樣就可以削減袁紹的軍力。
Cao Cao asked Syu You for ideas on how to fight Yuan Shao. Syu You suggested that instead of a frontal attack against Yuan Shao’s larger force, it is better to use win by wit. He informed Cao Cao that the food supply for the Yuan army was stored at a placed called Wu Chao, and its defense was minimal. Syu Yousuggested a raid to burn down the barns where all the food was stored. A sudden cut in food supply for all one hundred thousand soldiers would surely reduce the strength of the Yuan army.
果然，當袁紹知道糧草失火消息，便派部分軍隊前往營救，結果還是搶救失敗。另外，主力軍攻向曹軍所在處官渡也戰敗，全軍士氣瓦解，士兵逃得逃，死得死，十萬大軍只剩兩萬左右，袁紹的政權就瓦解了。
Indeed, when Yuan Shao heard the news of the fire, he sent some of his troops to rescue the food supply.Of course, their efforts were in vain. Apart from that, Yuan Shao’s main force which headed for Guan Du, where the Cao army was encamped, was defeated as well. Without food, the morale of his troops soon collapsed. The soldiers either fled or were killed. As a result, Yuan Shao’s army of one hundred thousand strong was reduced to a mere twenty thousand. As a consequence, Yuan Shao’s regime collapsed.
釜底抽薪原指要停止沸騰的水，直接抽走鍋底下的柴木，也就是解決問題要從根本上著手。此指不直接與敵軍正面衝突，改用其它辦法將敵軍的實力及氣勢削減。
The best way to stop the water from boiling is to remove the firewood from the stove. In other words, you’ve got to solve a problem by tackling its source. Here it means you don’t have to defeat an enemy by defeating it on the battlefield. Instead, you can use other means to weaken the strength and the morale of the enemy.
【原文】第廿計‧混水摸魚乘其陰亂，利其弱而無主。隨，以向晦入宴息。
【按語】動蕩之際，數力衝撞，弱者依違無主，散蔽而不察，我隨而取之。《六韜》曰：「三軍數驚，士卒不齊，相恐以敵強，相語以不利，耳目相屬，妖言不止，眾口相惑，不畏法令，不重其將：此弱征也。」是魚，混戰之際，擇此而取之。如：劉備之得荊州，取西川，皆此計也。
【中英對照】
第二十計： 混水摸魚
Strategy 20: Catch a Fish While the Water is Disturbed
混水摸魚
Roil the Water to Catch the Fish
有一次，晉武帝派二十萬大軍兵分六路攻打東吳，其中鎮南大將軍杜預，到長江中游樂鄉城時，便派屬下周旨帶著兩百名士兵，趁著天黑渡過長江，渡江後所有士兵都換上吳軍服裝，並埋伏在樂鄉城外。
Jin Wu Di once sent an army of two hundred thousand soldiers to attack Wu. The Jin army was led by the great general Du Yu. When the Jin army arrived at the city of Yue Siang which was right next to the Yangtze River, his captain Jhou Jhih crossed the river at night with two hundred raiders. Then they all changed into Wu army’s uniform, hid themselves outside the city of Yue Siang, and waited in ambush.
第二天，樂鄉城的守將孫歆帶兵出城，在長江上游和晉軍大戰，吳軍戰敗，軍隊全往樂鄉城方向逃。這時，前一天埋伏的晉軍，就趁機混進吳軍裡一起進城，進城後依照計畫在城裡四處放火。當城裡一片混亂時，周旨帶著軍隊衝入吳軍的指揮中心，將孫歆活捉起來，樂鄉城就被晉軍占領。
The next day, Sun Sin, the general in charge of defending Yue Siang, took his army outside the city walls to fight the Jin army. The Wu army lost the battle, and as the troops fled back to the city of Yue Siang, the two hundred Jin raiders mingled in with the Wu army and entered the city walls during the chaos. Afterwards, they set fires all over the city as planned. And when everything was in chaos, Jhou Jhih and his raiders rushed into the headquarter of the Wu army and caught Sun Sin alive. This was how the city of Yue Siang fell to the Jin army.
之後吳軍在各地和晉軍交戰全都戰敗，前後不到五個
月，吳國便投降。
The rest of the Wu army was defeated in subsequent battles. In less than five months Wu surrendered to Jin.
混水摸魚原指把水弄混濁，讓水中的魚看不清楚，便可趁機抓魚。這裡是指製造混亂的局面，讓敵軍搞不清楚真假及方向，我軍就可以趁機獲利。
Originally it means to roil the water sediments in order to cloud the vision of the fish and catch the fish. Here it means to create confusion so that the enemy does not know what is real and what is not, nor where we are feinting and where we are attacking. This way, a confused enemy is more vulnerable to our attack.
【原文】第廿一計‧金蟬脫殼存其形，完其勢；友不疑，敵不動。巽而止，蠱。
【按語】共友擊敵，坐觀其勢。尚另有一敵，則須去而存勢。則金蟬脫殼者，非徒走也，蓋為分身之法也。故大軍轉動，而旌旗金鼓，儼然原陣，使敵不敢動，友不生疑，待己摧他敵而返，而友敵始知，或猶且不知。然則金蟬脫殼者，在對敵之際，而抽精銳以襲別陣也。如：諸葛亮卒於軍，司馬懿追焉，姜維令儀反旗鳴鼓，若向懿者，懿退，於是儀結營而去。檀道濟被圍，乃命軍士悉甲，身自（白）服乘輿徐出外圍，魏懼有伏，不敢逼，乃歸。
【中英對照】
第二十一計： 金蟬脫殼
Strategy 21: Shed Off the Shell Like a Golden Cicada
軍營無人，鼓聲隆隆
Empty Camp, Beating Drums
南宋 寧宗 開禧二年（西元1206年）宋朝派兵攻打金人，接連吃了好幾場敗仗，宋朝將士畢再遇決定撤軍，不過要如何全身而退可把他考倒了。
In 1206 AD during the Song Dynasty, the emperor sent an army to attack Jin but was defeated several times. Bi Zai Yu, the general of the Song army, decided to retreat. But the question of how to retreat safely troubled him greatly.
後來畢再遇想到一個辦法，他下令三件事，第一、軍旗不可以拔起來，第二、帳蓬不能拆掉，第三、打鼓聲不能停止。等到沒有月亮的夜裡，畢再遇就下令全軍撤退，到了第二天天亮時，金兵看宋營裡，軍旗飄揚著，鼓聲也沒有停過，以為一切正常，這樣的情形過了兩三天後，金兵開始覺得有些奇怪，因為沒有看到有任何士兵走動，於是就派人前往偵察，這才發現宋營早就空無一人。
Bi Zai Yu later came up with a solution. He gave three orders: First, the flags were not to be pulled out. Second, the army tents were not to be taken down. Third, the battle drums must not stop beating. This done, Bi Zai Yu ordered his army to retreat under the cover of night. At the crack of dawn, the Jin army saw nothing unusual on the Song side: The flags were flying, and the sound of battle drums continued. It was not until a few days later that they started to become suspicious because there was no sign of movement within the Song camp. So they sent a scout to see what was going on, only to find that the Song camp had long been deserted.
可是為什麼鼓聲還響個不停，金兵走到營區後面一看，原來，畢再遇派士兵抓了數十隻羊，把牠們後腿倒吊綁在樹上，前腿剛好放在鼓上面，由於倒掛很不舒服，羊掙脫時自然會用前腿用力蹬著，鼓就被敲得咚咚作響。
But if the camp were deserted, how could the battle drums still beat? The Jin soldiers walked to the back of the camp and discovered the answer. Bi Zai Yu had ordered his soldiers to catch several goats and tie up their hind legs up on a tree with a rope. The front legs of the goats were left dangling just low enough to beat on the drums. Due to the discomfort of hanging upside down, the goats struggled with their front legs to try to free themselves. This was why the drums were kept beating.
金蟬脫殼原指寒蟬在蛻變時，會脫殼飛走並且將殼留在原地。後引申為運用計謀，轉移敵人的注意，再趁機脫逃的意思。
When the golden cicada periodically sheds off its skin, it would fly off but leave its outer shell intact. Here, it means to divert the enemy’s attention in order to escape intact.
【原文】第廿二計‧關門捉賊小敵困之。剝，不利有攸往。
【按語】捉賊而必關門，非恐其逸也，恐其逸而為他人所得也；且逸者不可復追，恐其誘也。賊者，奇兵也，游兵也，所以勞我者也。吳子曰：「今使一死賊，伏於曠野，千人追之，莫不梟視狼顧。何者？恐其暴起而害己也。是以一人投命，足懼千夫。」追賊者，賊有脫逃之機，勢必死鬥；若斷其去路，則成擒矣。故小敵必困之，不能，則放之可也。
【中英對照】
第二十二計： 關門捉賊
Strategy 22: Shut the Door to Catch the Thief
請君入甕
Invite You Into the Water Jar
唐朝 武則天當政時，她很寵愛來俊臣和周興這兩位大臣，他們倆設計各種慘無人道的刑具來逼供，常常有無辜的臣子和百姓被嚴刑逼得受不了，只好屈打成招。
During the reign of Empress Wu Ze Tian in the Tang Dynasty, there were two ministers by the name of Lai Jun Chen and Jhou Sing who were favored by the Empress. They devised various torture instruments. From time to time innocent officials and civilians would be tortured using these instruments until they succumbed to the pain and made false confessions.
有一天，武后接獲密報，指出周興私下想造反，武后便派來俊臣去逮捕周興，並查出所有同謀的人。來俊臣覺得十分困難，不是因為兩人是好朋友，而是周興對於刑罰太了解，要他老實招供不容易。
One day, the Empress received tips that Jhou Sing was plotting a revolt. The Empress thus assigned Lai Jun Chen to arrest Jhou Sing and to find out all the conspirators. Lai Jun Chen thought it was a difficult task, not because they were good friends, but because Jhou Sing was also an expert at torture techniques. It would not be easy to make him confess.
來俊臣就找周興吃飯，故意用請教的口氣問：「最近罪犯是越來越狡猾，各種刑具都用了，還是不肯招，不知道您有沒有什麼好辦法？」 周興得意地說：「我最近又想到一個讓犯人非招不可的好辦法，只要用一個大甕，裡面裝滿水，再將犯人放進甕裡用炭火燒，保證他馬上招。」
Lai Jun Chen then invited Jhou Sing to dinner and deliberately asked him for advice, “Lately the criminals have become more and more cunning. They refuse to confess despite using all kinds of torture on them. Do you have any good ideas?’’ Jhou Sing said elatedly, “I have a new idea which would definitely make any suspect confess. It only requires a large water jar full of water. You put the suspect into the jar full of water and bring the whole thing to a boil. Any suspect would confess right away, I assure you.” After he finished, Lai Jun Chen smacked the table and smiled slyly, “Brilliant! What a marvelous idea!’’ He then ordered his men to carry a big water jar into the room. They filled it with water and brought it to a boil. Before long it was steaming.
來俊臣聽完後，露出奸詐的笑容，拍桌子大叫：「太妙了！真是絕招。」接著就叫屬下搬來一個大甕，並裝滿水，接著燒起熊熊烈火，才一下子，就冒出好多蒸氣。這時，來俊臣立刻翻臉指著周興說：「大膽反賊！你想圖謀造反，皇上已經知道了，下旨要我嚴辦，還不從實招來，不然我可是要『請君入甕』喔！」
At this point, Lai Jun Chen suddenly turned on Jhou Sing and accused him, “How dare you plot against the Empress! She has known your plot all along and has ordered me to investigate you. Confess now! Or else I will be forced to invite you into the water jar!’’
關門捉賊簡單說就是把門關起來，把小賊捉起來，也就是說對於軍力較小的敵人，我們只要把他們困住，便可以一舉消滅敵人，這是最好的方法。
Shut the door to catch the thief. In other words, the best way to deal with a smaller enemy is to trap him and destroy him.
【原文】第廿三計‧遠交近攻形禁勢格，利從近取，害以遠隔。上火下澤。
【按語】混戰之局，縱橫捭闔之中，各自取利。遠不可攻，而可以利相結；近者交之，反使變生肘腋。范睢之謀，為地理之定則，其理甚明。
【中英對照】
第二十三計： 遠交近攻
Strategy 23: Befriend a Distant State and Conquer the Ones Nearby
范雎的遠交近攻
"Befriend a Distant State and Conquer the Ones Nearby" by Fan Suei
戰國末期演變成七雄爭霸，秦國經過商鞅變法後，國力愈來愈強，秦昭王開始計畫吞併其他六國，想要獨霸中原。
Near the end of the Warring States Period, the political situation had developed into a struggle for supremacy among the seven strongest countries. After the reforms instituted by Shang Yang, Cin grew stronger by the day. So king Cin Jhao started plans to conquer the remaining six countries to create the first unified empire in China.
公元前270年，秦昭王下令出兵攻打齊國，宰相范雎便向秦昭王獻上「遠交近攻」的策略，阻止攻打齊國。
In 270 BC, king Cin Jhao wanted to conquer Ci, but his prime minister Fan Suei advised against this. Instead, he presented king Cin Jhao with a scheme to befriend a distance state and attack the ones nearby.
范雎說：「齊國是六國中最強大的，離秦國又很遠，要是先攻打齊國，我國軍隊就要經過韓、魏兩國領土。軍隊少，很難獲勝；軍隊多，就算打贏了也沒辦法占有齊國的土地。不如我們先攻打鄰近的韓、魏兩國，再逐步推向齊國。」又為了防止齊國與韓、魏結盟，秦昭王就派使者主動與齊國結盟。
Fan Suei said, “Among the six countries, Ci is the strongest and the farthest away from Cin . If we attack Ci now, our troops must first go through the territories of Han and Wei. With too few troops, it is difficult to conquer Ci. But with enough troops, it would still be impossible to occupy Ci even if we won. We would be in a no-win situation. Therefore, why not attack the neighboring Han and Wei first and then advance towards Ci step by step?’’ In addition, in order to prevent Ci from allying with Han and Wei, king Cin Jhao took the initiative to form an alliance with Ci.
接下來的四十多年，秦始皇便延續「遠交近攻」的政策，遠交齊、楚，首先攻下韓、魏，後來又從兩側出兵，攻破趙、燕，統一北方；接著攻下楚國，平定南方；最後才把齊國也收拾了，征戰多年，終於實現統一中國的願望。
In the forty years that followed, Cin followed the same policy: Form alliances with Ci and Chu, while taking Han and Wei first. Later, Cin conquered Jhao and Yan to unify the north. Afterwards he conquered Chu in the south. Finally, Cin was able to conquer Ci. King Cin Jhao’s dream of unifying China was thus finalized. This was how king Cin Jhao became Cin Shih Huag, the first emperor of China.
遠交近攻指當地形受到限制時，可以先從近的目標下手，再逐步向遠的地方擴張領域。
When constrained by terrain, you should start with the closest objective and gradually extend your forces further.
【原文】第廿四計‧假道伐虢兩大之間，敵脅以從，我假以勢。困，有言不信。
【按語】假地用兵之舉，非巧言可誑，必其勢不受一方之脅從，則將受雙方之夾擊。如此境況之際，敵必迫之以威，我則誑之以不害，利其幸存之心，速得全勢，彼將不能自陣，故不戰而滅之矣。如：晉侯假道於虞以伐虢，晉滅虢，虢公丑奔京師，師還，襲虞滅之。
【中英對照】
第二十四計： 假途伐虢
Strategy 24: Obtain Safe Passage to Conquer Guo
假途伐虢
Obtain Safe Passage To Conquer Guo
春秋時，虞、虢兩國緊鄰著晉國，晉國一直想併吞他們。
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the small states of Yu and Guo were bordering the larger state of Jin. Jin always wanted to conquer these two neighboring states.
晉獻公就利用名馬和寶玉來收買虞公，讓他答應借路，方便晉國攻打虢國，甚至虞公還派兵幫晉軍帶路，晉國因此順利攻下虢國的下陽。
To this end, Jin Sian Gong used fine horses and jewelry to bribe the duke of Yu in exchange for safe passage for his army to pass through his country to attack Guo. The duke of Yu accepted his offer and even sent troops to lead the way. The Jin army was able to conquer the city of Sia Yang smoothly.
三年後，晉國又再度向虞國借路去攻打虢國，這時虢國大夫宮之奇便勸諫虞公說：「輔車相依，唇亡齒寒。」並說明虞和虢兩國之間的利害關係，希望虞公不要再借路，而應該兩國聯合起來對抗晉國。虞公不聽，還是借路給晉國，這時，宮之奇便預言：「虞和虢會同歸於盡，等不到過年就會滅亡。」說完便帶著家人逃到別國。
Three years later, Jin made the same request to the duke of Yu again. One of the senior officials of Guo, Gong Jhih Ji, cautioned the duke of Yu against accepting Jin’s request by saying, “Yu is to Guo, as lips are to teeth. If the lips are gone, the teeth will be exposed to the cold.” He explained the mutually dependent relationship between Yu and Guo, hoping that the duke of Yu would refuse Jin’s request for safe passage. Instead, both Yu and Guo should unit together to fight Jin. Despite Gong Jhih Ji’s warning and advice, the duke of Yu chose to ignore him and agreed to Jin’s request for safe passage. Gong Jhih Ji thus predicted that both Yu and Guo will would be destroyed together before the end of the year.’’ That said, he took his family and fled to another country.
果然，過年前一個月，晉國滅了虢國，虢公逃到洛陽。晉軍回程時，趁虞國沒有防備心，發動突襲，輕易地把虞國也消滅了。
Indeed. a month before the end of the year, Guo was conquered by Jin. And on their way back through Yu, the Jin army launched a surprise attack on the unsuspecting Yu. As a result, Yu, too, was easily conquered by Jin.
假途伐虢指用對方給自己的方便，來掩飾自己的企圖，趁機再擴大自己的勢力範圍，達到真正想要的目的。
Using the convenience given by your enemy to cover up your real intentions and to increase your power is to achieve your ultimate goal.
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