《三十六計》第二套 敵戰計 36 Strategies / Stratagems
佚名
總說
【原文】六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其空，機不可設，設則不中。
【按語】解語重數不重理，蓋理，術語自明；而數，則在言外，若徒知術之為術，而不知術中有數，則術多不應，且詭謀權術，原在事理之中，人情之內。徜事出不經，則詭異立見，詫世惑俗，而機謀洩矣。或曰：三十六計中，每六計成一套，第一套為勝戰計，第二套為敵戰計，第三套為攻戰計，第四套為混戰計，第五套為並戰計，第六套為敗戰計。
第二套 敵戰計
【原文】第七計‧無中生有誑也，非誑也，實其所誑也。少陰、太陰、太陽。
【按語】無而示有，誑也。誑不可久而易覺，故無不可以終無。無中生有，則由誑而真，由虛而實矣，無不可以敗敵，生有則敗敵矣，如：令狐潮圍雍丘，張巡縛嵩為人千餘，披黑夜，夜縋城下，潮兵爭射之，得箭數十萬。其後復夜縋人，潮兵笑，不設備，乃以死士五百砍潮營，焚壘幕，追奔十餘里。
【中英對照】
第七計： 無中生有
Strategy 7: Create Something From Nothing
張巡的草人軍隊
Jhang Syun’s Scarecrow Arm
唐玄宗 天寶十四年，即西元755年，十分受到玄宗寵愛的安祿山竟然起兵叛變。有一次，安祿山的部下令狐潮包圍了雍丘城，當時城中守將是張巡，城中的士兵及武器都不多，情況十分不利，張巡知道出去應戰是不行的，於是想了一個計謀，下令做一千個與真人大小相同的草人，並穿上黑色衣服，趁著當晚月色不明時，將草人綁上繩子並且順著城牆放下去。負責監視城中動靜的敵軍，發現便說：「有敵兵！」於是，敵軍拼命向草人射箭，一會兒草人身上布滿了箭，這時敵軍才發現中計了，而張巡也因此得到許多的箭。
During year 14 of Tang Syuan Zong Tian-bao（755 AD）, An Lu Shan, who was a favorite official of the emperor, rose up in revolt. Soon, the city of Yong Ciou was under siege by Ling Hu Chao, a general of An Lu Shan. The general in charge of defending the city at that time was Jhang Syun. At that time, Yong Ciou’s situation was precarious because Jhang Syun had neither a big enough garrison nor sufficient weapons to defend the city against the siege. Jhang Syun knew that he was not capable of fighting Ling Hu Chao outside the castle walls, so he thought of a plan. He ordered his men to make one thousand life-size straw dummies and dressed them in black. Against a dim moonlit night, the dummies were lowered over the city walls by ropes. The enemy lookouts saw the dummies and warned of an attack. Immediately, they showered the straw dummies with arrows. And before the enemy realized that they had been tricked, the dummies were all shot through with enough arrows to replenish the supply of arrows for Jhang’s defending garrison.
過了幾天，又是月色昏暗的夜晚，敵軍又發現城牆有動靜，令狐潮心想一定又是故技重施，便按兵不動；沒想到，這次是真的五百名突擊兵，於是張巡打了勝仗，也保住了雍丘城。
A few nights later, there was little moonlight once again. And the enemy lookouts noticed again that there were movements along the city wall. Ling Hu Chao thought that Jhang Syun must be up to his old trick again, so he ordered his men to ignore it. By the time Ling Hu Chao realized that it was a real attack by five hundred raiders, it was too late. As a result, Jhang Syun defeated Ling Hu Chao and rescued Yong Ciou.
無中生有指憑空捏造來製造假象，虛虛實實，並且以虛假的聲勢發展下去，讓敵人真假難辨，產生錯覺，最後再把虛假變成真實，採取行動，達到目的。
Create deceptions and illusions and use them repeatedly to confuse the enemy into believing that nothing is real. Then, against this background of deception, launch a real attack and catch the enemy by surprise.
【原文】第八計‧暗渡陳倉示之以動，利其靜而有主，益動而巽。
【按語】奇出於正，無正不能出奇。不明修棧道，則不能暗渡陳倉。昔鄧艾屯白水之北；姜維遙廖化屯白水之南，而結營焉。艾謂諸將日：「維令卒還，吾軍少，法當來渡，而不作橋，此維使化持我﹒令不得還。必自東襲取洮城矣。」艾即夜潛軍，徑到洮城。維果來渡。而艾先至，據城，得以不破。此則是姜維不善用暗渡陳倉之計；而鄧艾察知其聲東擊西之謀也。
【中英對照】
第八計： 暗渡陳倉
Strategy 8: Secretly Passing to Chen Cang
明修棧道，暗渡陳倉
Openly Repair The Walkway, Secretly March To Chen Cang
劉邦知道項羽對自己十分有戒心，當他帶著兵馬由棧道進入漢中時，便馬上把對外聯絡的山路棧道給燒了，一方面是杜絕外來的入侵，一方面則是讓項羽放心，表示自己沒有辦法回關中。
Liou Bang knew that Siang Yu was suspicious of him. So after he brought his troops into Hanzhong (city in Shaanxi), he burned the walkway which connected Hanzhong (city in Shaanxi) with the outside world. This way, Liou Bang not only prevented others from invading Hanzhong (city in Shaanxi), but he also hoped to gain Siang Yu’s trust by showing Siang Yu that he could not return to Guan Jhong anymore.
經過一陣子的休養，劉邦採用了韓信的建議，整軍準備出擊。一方面派大隊人馬修復燒掉的棧道，這個舉動果然引起項羽手下章邯的注意，於是章邯便派主力部隊守住棧道出口
。這時候劉邦則帶著另一隊兵馬，請當地的樵夫帶領，從另一條小路走出漢中，進入陳倉。
After resting for a while, Liou Bang assembled his troops and launched an attack on Siang Yu. First, he sent a crew to repair the burned down walkway to catch the attention of Jhang Han, a general of Siang Yu, and it worked. In response, Jhang Han sent his main troops to block the exit of the walkway, hoping to ambush Liou Bang. However, a local hunter helped Liou Bang and his troops out of Hanzhong (city in Shaanxi) and into Chen Cang through another small trail.
這時章邯知道了，便連忙派軍隊趕往陳倉，沒想到卻吃個大敗仗，自己的封地全都被劉邦佔領了，項羽其餘的兩名大將，這時知道再打下去也沒有勝。
Hearing the news, Jhang Han immediately raced back to Chen Cang with his army. But he lost the battle there as well. Liou Bang ended up occupying Chen Cang, and a big part of Jhang Han’s army surrendered.
暗渡陳倉與聲東擊西類似，只不過前者著重在隱藏進攻目標，而本計著重在隱藏進攻路線，指公開自己的假進攻動作，用來吸引對方注意，另一方面，則暗中進行真正的攻擊路線及布局。
This is similar to the strategy of “Feint in the east and attack in the west.” But whereas the other strategy was focused on hiding the actual target, this strategy was focused on hiding the actual route of attack. Openly reveal the deceptive route in order to protect the actual route of attack.
【原文】第九計‧隔岸觀火陽乖序亂，陰以待逆。暴戾恣睢，其勢自斃。順以動豫，豫順以動。
【按語】乖氣浮張，逼則受擊，退則遠之，則亂自起。昔袁尚、袁熙奔遼東，眾尚有數千騎。初，遼東太守公孫康，恃遠不服。及曹操破烏丸，或說曹遂征之，尚兄弟可擒也。操曰：「吾方使斬送尚、熙首來，不煩兵矣。」九月，操引兵自柳城還，康即斬尚、熙，傳其首。諸將問其故，澡日：「彼素畏尚等，吾急之，則並力；緩之，則相圖，其勢然也。」或曰：此兵書火攻之道也，按兵書《火攻篇》前段言火攻之法，後段言慎動之理，與隔岸觀火之意，亦相吻合。
【中英對照】
第九計： 隔岸觀火
Strategy 9: Watch the Fire from Across the Shore
坐山觀虎鬥
Watch Two Tigers Fight From a Distance
戰國時，一位名辯士陳軫剛好來到秦國，秦惠王便將是否要出面調停韓、魏兩國之間多年戰爭的難題告訴陳軫，請他幫忙想想解決的辦法，陳軫想了想，便告訴秦惠王一個有關「卞莊子刺虎」的故事。
In the Warring States Period, there was a famous advisor named Chen Jhen. Once, while Chen Jhen was visiting the country of Cin , King Cin Huei took the opportunity to ask Chen Jhen for advice on whether he should intervene as an arbitrator in conflict between the countries of Han and Wei. Chen Jhen then told King Cin Huei a story about how Bian Jhuang Zih killed the tiger.
故事內容是說有個叫卞莊子的人，有一次看到兩隻老虎在爭一頭牛，便想拔劍來刺虎，結果僕人阻止他說：「等一下，你看兩虎爭一牛，表示一定會有廝殺，結果一定是強者受傷獲勝，弱者死掉，這時你再出面刺殺受傷的老虎，這不是一舉得兩虎嗎？」
The story was about a man named Bian Jhuang Zih. One day he saw two tigers fighting over a cow. He was about to pull out his sword to kill the tigers when his servant stopped him. His servant said, “Wait a moment, master. Look, two tigers are fighting over the same cow. This means a bloody fight between the two is inevitable. No doubt the stronger will win, and the weaker will die. But the stronger will also be wounded as a result. So why not wait until then, and you will just need to kill the wounded tiger that remains？”
陳軫接著說：「現在韓、魏爭戰就像兩虎相鬥，遲早弱國會被強國消滅的，大王您不如效法卞莊子的做法吧！」果然，秦成了最後的大贏家。
Chen Jhen continued, “Now Han and Wei are fighting each other just like those two tigers. Sooner or later the weaker will be vanquished by the stronger. Your Majesty, why not do what Bian Jhuang Zih did and wait until then？”As Chen Jhen predicted, Cin ended up being the ultimate winner in this conflict between Han and Wei.
隔岸觀火一般指不採取任何行動，不過這裡還有更深一層的意義，指任由對方不利的情勢發展，一直到最後，自己再來坐收漁翁之利的意思；也就是靜觀其變，終能得利。
Generally speaking it means neither responding nor taking any actions. But it has a deeper meaning, which is to let a situation that is detrimental to your enemy develop so that you could benefit from it. In other words, wait and see how an event that will work in your favor develops to its natural end. The spoils belong to those who have the patience to wait until a situation changes to their advantage.
【原文】第十計‧笑裡藏刀信而安之，陰以圖之，備而後動，勿使有變。剛中柔外也。
【按語】兵書云：「辭卑而益備者，進也；……無約而請和者，謀也。」故凡敵人之巧言令色，皆殺機之外露也。宋曹瑋知渭州，號令明肅，西夏人憚之。一日瑋方對客奕棋，會有叛誇數千，亡奔夏境。堠騎（騎馬的探子）報至，諸將相顧失色，公言笑如平時。徐謂騎日：「吾命也，汝勿顯言。」西夏人聞之，以為襲己，盡殺之。此臨機應變之用也。若勾踐之事夫差，則意使其久而安之矣。
【中英對照】
第十計： 笑裡藏刀
Strategy 10: A Dagger Sheathed in a Smile
公孫鞅取河西
Shang Yang Took West of the Yellow River
戰國初年，秦國還不算是強國，秦孝公為了強大國力，便下令徵才來輔助國政，這時候，公孫鞅便來到秦國，他後來幫孝公振興國家，孝公便將商地封給他，後來人們就稱他為商鞅。
In the early years of the Warring States Period, Cin was not yet a strong country. In order to strengthen his country, Cin Siao Gong recruited talented people to assist him in governing the country. Shang Yang was one of those people who came to Cin and helped advise Cin Siao Gong on how to reform Cin. For his contributions, Cin Siao Gong awarded Shang Yang both land and title.
西元前340年，孝公又派商鞅領兵攻打魏國，魏王派公子魏卯迎戰，商鞅知道後十分高興，立刻寫封信給魏卯。
In 340 BC, Cin Siao Gong appointed Shang Yang as general to attack the country of Wei. The king of Wei sent prince Wei Mao to lead the defense. Shang Yang was very glad when he heard this. He wrote Wei Mao a letter immediately.
信的內容是：「想起以前在魏國和你相處的情形，十分令人懷念，今天雖然我們輔佐的人不同，可是我還是很珍惜彼此間的友情，我也不想和你處於敵對的狀態，如果可以見面談談，想出一個對雙方都可以接受的辦法，訂立合約，就不用動刀槍，如此不是兩全其美嗎？」
Shang Yang wrote, “The time we spent together in Wei was a precious memory to me. Although we are serving different masters now, I still treasure our friendship very much and do not want to be hostile towards you. So why don’t we meet and talk about a solution that is acceptable to both of us and sign a peace accord without the use of force? Wouldn’t this be a perfect outcome?”
魏卯信以為真，便答應商鞅的提議，見面後相談甚歡，沒想到，宴會結束後，魏卯中了伏兵，成了階下囚，商鞅便乘機攻打魏軍，魏軍吃了敗仗，魏王不得已只好將河西割給了秦國。
Reading this, Wei Mao was naive enough to believe it and accepted his invitation. They met and had a very pleasant talk. However, when the talk was over, Wei Mao was ambushed on his way back and captured as a prisoner. Shang Yang took this opportunity to launch an attack against Wei and won a big victory. As a result, the king of Wei had to cede the territory west of the Yellow River to Cin.
笑裡藏刀先用和善親切的態度取得對方的信任，等對方解除戒心，再暗中計畫打擊對方的計謀。
Befriend and charm yourself to the enemy. After you have gained his trust, you can then plot against him in secret.
【原文】第十一計‧李代桃僵勢必有損，損陰以益陽。
【按語】我敵之情，各有長短。戰爭之事，難得全勝，而勝負之訣，即在長短之相較，乃有以短勝長之秘訣。如以下駟敵上駟，以上駟敵中駟，以中駟敵下駟之類：則誠兵家獨具之詭謀，非常理之可測也。
【中英對照】
第十一計： 李代桃僵
Strategy 11: Sacrifice the Plum for the Peach
趙氏孤兒
The Last Orphan of Jhao
春秋時戰爭不斷，晉靈公時有位寵臣叫做屠岸賈，他一直視趙氏一族為眼中釘，他宣稱趙盾殺了靈公，並建議要將趙氏全族誅殺。到了晉景公時，趙盾去世，由他的兒子趙朔接替官位，晉景公聽信讒言，便交給屠岸賈全權處理。因為有人向趙朔通風報信，所以趙朔已身懷六甲的妻子莊姬逃過了被殺害的命運。不久後莊姬生下一個兒子，屠岸賈知道這個消息後，便想要斬草除根，而想援救趙家骨肉的程嬰及公孫杵臼，都是以前曾受過趙家恩惠的人，經過商議，程嬰忍痛將自己剛出生的兒子來代替趙家骨肉。結果真正的趙家骨肉平安無事，被程嬰帶到深山隱居起來，十五年後趙家冤屈終於平反了。這就是用「李代桃僵」策略，來挽救忠良後代有名的歷史故事－趙氏孤兒。
During the Spring and Autumn Period, a man by the name of Tu An Jia in the country of Jin was a favorite lackey of Jin Ling Gong. Jin Ling Gong was a tyrant, and he was killed by a cousin of then Prime Minister Jhao Dun. Since Tu An Jia’s influence in the Court was derived from Jin Ling Gong, he fell out of favor, and so he hated Jhao Dun as a result. He claimed that Jhao Dun was a co-conspirator in the murder of Jin Ling Gong and suggested that the whole Jhao clan be executed as befitting the crime of murdering the king. Jin Ling Gong’s son Jin Jing Gong was young at the time, and he believed Tu An Jia’s story. So he gave Tu An Jia full authority to execute the Jhao clan. Because of a tip off about the impending massacre, the pregnant wife of Jhao Dun’s son Jhao Shuo was able to escape the fate of being killed. Later she gave birth to a boy. But when the news reached Tu An Jia, he wanted to make sure that the entire blood line of Jhao was wiped out. Knowing that the last Jhao baby was in grave danger, Chen Ying and Gong Sun Chu Jiou wanted to repay the kindness they had received from Jhao Shuo by saving the last Jhao baby. They discussed with each other and came up with a plan. Knowing that Tu An Jia would never quit until he kills the baby, Chen Ying substituted his own newborn son to be killed in order to satisfy Tu An Jia and save the last Jhao
baby. This was how the last orphan of Jhao was saved. He was raised by Chen Ying in a remote mountain. Fifteen years later, the injustice done to the Jhao family finally was cleared. This is the famous historical story ‒ The Last Orphan of Jhao - in which the strategy of “Sacrificing the plum to save the peach” was used to save the descendent of a loyal vassal.
李代桃僵原指代人受過或是冒名頂替成為代罪羔羊。在策略運用上，指當局勢發展漸漸不利時，在必要時刻，只好犧牲小部分來顧全大局。
Originally it means taking the blame for others or being used as a scapegoat. But when applied to strategy, it means to sacrifice something of value in order to stay in the game or to win the game in the end.
【原文】第十二計‧順手牽羊微隙在所必乘；微利在所必得。少陰，少陽。
【按語】大軍動處，其隙甚多，乘間取利，不必以勝。勝固可用，敗亦可用。
【中英對照】
第十二計： 順手牽羊
Strategy 12: Seize the Opportunity to Lead the Sheep Away
趙國求救
Jhao Appeals for Help
公元前354年，魏惠王打算進攻北邊的趙國，他派龐涓領軍前往攻打，兩年後攻到趙國首都邯鄆城下，趙王眼看局勢不利便向實力雄厚的楚國求助。
In 354 BC, King Wei Huei was planning to launch an attack on Jhao, a country north of Wei. He appointed Pang-Juan as his general. Two years later the Wei army fought its way to Handan (city in Hebei), the capital of Jhao, and laid a siege outside the city walls. Jhao was desperate, so the king of Jhao appealed to Chu for help. At that time, Chu was a country with a strong military.
楚王的宰相昭奚恤反對出兵，只有景舍贊成出兵並且提出一個以救趙為名義，一方面削弱魏國實力，一方面可以順手牽羊，替楚國謀取利益的計策。
After hearing Jhao’s appeal for help, the prime minister of Chu advised against coming to Jhao’s aid, but another advisor Jing She thought otherwise. Jing She was in favor of sending the troops. He proposed a strategy by which under the pretext of rescuing Jhao, they could undermine the strength of Wei while profiting from Chu.
楚王便派景舍領軍從趙、楚國界進入趙國，不久龐涓就攻下邯鄆城，這時卻聽到齊軍進攻魏國首都大梁，龐涓連忙撤兵趕回魏國，沒想到在半路上，又遇到齊軍的伏兵，吃了大敗仗。
So the king of Chu appointed Jing She as the general of the army. In the name of rescuing Jhao, the Chu army entered Jhao. Soon Handan (city in Hebei) was seized by the Wei general Pang-Juan. But immediately, news came that the capital of Wei was under siege by the Ci army. So Pang-Juan hastily left Handan (city in Hebei) and retreated immediately to defend Wei’s capital. However, the Wei troops were ambushed on their way back by the Ci army and suffered heavy losses.
此時魏、趙兩國都受到重創，但對楚軍卻是大好時機，景舍便趁機佔領趙國南部的部分領土，他的「順手牽羊」計謀便大功告成。
Both Wei and Jhao had been hurt badly in this episode and are in no position to fight again in the near term. This presented Chu with a golden opportunity. Since the Chu army was already in Jhao, Jing She quickly seized the southern part of Jhao, and there was nothing Jhao could do. As a result, Jing She’s tactic of “Stealing a goat along the way” proved to be a big success.
趙國的求援，讓楚國有領兵進趙國的機會，加上齊國趁魏國城中無兵力便前往攻打，這個有利的時機，使得楚國不費一兵一卒，便佔領趙國的部分領土，也就是順手所牽的「羊」。
The appeal for help from Jhao provided a pretext for Chu to legitimately enter Jhao with its troops. Coupled with the unexpected event of the attack on the capital of Wei by the Ci army while the bulk of Wei’s army was laying siege to Jhao, this was a great opportunity for Chu to seize more land from Jhao without having to fight for it. The ”goat” in this strategy refers to the territory of Jhao.
順手牽羊本指趁機偷竊別人的財物，在這引申為把握對方出現小缺失的機會，我們應該把握機會，進而謀取利益，就算只有小利也要把握住。
Originally it means to steal something when the opportunity presents itself. Here it means to take advantage of any opportunity that presents itself, no matter how small, and to profit from it.
佚名
總說
【原文】六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其空，機不可設，設則不中。
【按語】解語重數不重理，蓋理，術語自明；而數，則在言外，若徒知術之為術，而不知術中有數，則術多不應，且詭謀權術，原在事理之中，人情之內。徜事出不經，則詭異立見，詫世惑俗，而機謀洩矣。或曰：三十六計中，每六計成一套，第一套為勝戰計，第二套為敵戰計，第三套為攻戰計，第四套為混戰計，第五套為並戰計，第六套為敗戰計。
第二套 敵戰計
【原文】第七計‧無中生有誑也，非誑也，實其所誑也。少陰、太陰、太陽。
【按語】無而示有，誑也。誑不可久而易覺，故無不可以終無。無中生有，則由誑而真，由虛而實矣，無不可以敗敵，生有則敗敵矣，如：令狐潮圍雍丘，張巡縛嵩為人千餘，披黑夜，夜縋城下，潮兵爭射之，得箭數十萬。其後復夜縋人，潮兵笑，不設備，乃以死士五百砍潮營，焚壘幕，追奔十餘里。
【中英對照】
第七計： 無中生有
Strategy 7: Create Something From Nothing
張巡的草人軍隊
Jhang Syun’s Scarecrow Arm
唐玄宗 天寶十四年，即西元755年，十分受到玄宗寵愛的安祿山竟然起兵叛變。有一次，安祿山的部下令狐潮包圍了雍丘城，當時城中守將是張巡，城中的士兵及武器都不多，情況十分不利，張巡知道出去應戰是不行的，於是想了一個計謀，下令做一千個與真人大小相同的草人，並穿上黑色衣服，趁著當晚月色不明時，將草人綁上繩子並且順著城牆放下去。負責監視城中動靜的敵軍，發現便說：「有敵兵！」於是，敵軍拼命向草人射箭，一會兒草人身上布滿了箭，這時敵軍才發現中計了，而張巡也因此得到許多的箭。
During year 14 of Tang Syuan Zong Tian-bao（755 AD）, An Lu Shan, who was a favorite official of the emperor, rose up in revolt. Soon, the city of Yong Ciou was under siege by Ling Hu Chao, a general of An Lu Shan. The general in charge of defending the city at that time was Jhang Syun. At that time, Yong Ciou’s situation was precarious because Jhang Syun had neither a big enough garrison nor sufficient weapons to defend the city against the siege. Jhang Syun knew that he was not capable of fighting Ling Hu Chao outside the castle walls, so he thought of a plan. He ordered his men to make one thousand life-size straw dummies and dressed them in black. Against a dim moonlit night, the dummies were lowered over the city walls by ropes. The enemy lookouts saw the dummies and warned of an attack. Immediately, they showered the straw dummies with arrows. And before the enemy realized that they had been tricked, the dummies were all shot through with enough arrows to replenish the supply of arrows for Jhang’s defending garrison.
過了幾天，又是月色昏暗的夜晚，敵軍又發現城牆有動靜，令狐潮心想一定又是故技重施，便按兵不動；沒想到，這次是真的五百名突擊兵，於是張巡打了勝仗，也保住了雍丘城。
A few nights later, there was little moonlight once again. And the enemy lookouts noticed again that there were movements along the city wall. Ling Hu Chao thought that Jhang Syun must be up to his old trick again, so he ordered his men to ignore it. By the time Ling Hu Chao realized that it was a real attack by five hundred raiders, it was too late. As a result, Jhang Syun defeated Ling Hu Chao and rescued Yong Ciou.
無中生有指憑空捏造來製造假象，虛虛實實，並且以虛假的聲勢發展下去，讓敵人真假難辨，產生錯覺，最後再把虛假變成真實，採取行動，達到目的。
Create deceptions and illusions and use them repeatedly to confuse the enemy into believing that nothing is real. Then, against this background of deception, launch a real attack and catch the enemy by surprise.
【原文】第八計‧暗渡陳倉示之以動，利其靜而有主，益動而巽。
【按語】奇出於正，無正不能出奇。不明修棧道，則不能暗渡陳倉。昔鄧艾屯白水之北；姜維遙廖化屯白水之南，而結營焉。艾謂諸將日：「維令卒還，吾軍少，法當來渡，而不作橋，此維使化持我﹒令不得還。必自東襲取洮城矣。」艾即夜潛軍，徑到洮城。維果來渡。而艾先至，據城，得以不破。此則是姜維不善用暗渡陳倉之計；而鄧艾察知其聲東擊西之謀也。
【中英對照】
第八計： 暗渡陳倉
Strategy 8: Secretly Passing to Chen Cang
明修棧道，暗渡陳倉
Openly Repair The Walkway, Secretly March To Chen Cang
劉邦知道項羽對自己十分有戒心，當他帶著兵馬由棧道進入漢中時，便馬上把對外聯絡的山路棧道給燒了，一方面是杜絕外來的入侵，一方面則是讓項羽放心，表示自己沒有辦法回關中。
Liou Bang knew that Siang Yu was suspicious of him. So after he brought his troops into Hanzhong (city in Shaanxi), he burned the walkway which connected Hanzhong (city in Shaanxi) with the outside world. This way, Liou Bang not only prevented others from invading Hanzhong (city in Shaanxi), but he also hoped to gain Siang Yu’s trust by showing Siang Yu that he could not return to Guan Jhong anymore.
經過一陣子的休養，劉邦採用了韓信的建議，整軍準備出擊。一方面派大隊人馬修復燒掉的棧道，這個舉動果然引起項羽手下章邯的注意，於是章邯便派主力部隊守住棧道出口
。這時候劉邦則帶著另一隊兵馬，請當地的樵夫帶領，從另一條小路走出漢中，進入陳倉。
After resting for a while, Liou Bang assembled his troops and launched an attack on Siang Yu. First, he sent a crew to repair the burned down walkway to catch the attention of Jhang Han, a general of Siang Yu, and it worked. In response, Jhang Han sent his main troops to block the exit of the walkway, hoping to ambush Liou Bang. However, a local hunter helped Liou Bang and his troops out of Hanzhong (city in Shaanxi) and into Chen Cang through another small trail.
這時章邯知道了，便連忙派軍隊趕往陳倉，沒想到卻吃個大敗仗，自己的封地全都被劉邦佔領了，項羽其餘的兩名大將，這時知道再打下去也沒有勝。
Hearing the news, Jhang Han immediately raced back to Chen Cang with his army. But he lost the battle there as well. Liou Bang ended up occupying Chen Cang, and a big part of Jhang Han’s army surrendered.
暗渡陳倉與聲東擊西類似，只不過前者著重在隱藏進攻目標，而本計著重在隱藏進攻路線，指公開自己的假進攻動作，用來吸引對方注意，另一方面，則暗中進行真正的攻擊路線及布局。
This is similar to the strategy of “Feint in the east and attack in the west.” But whereas the other strategy was focused on hiding the actual target, this strategy was focused on hiding the actual route of attack. Openly reveal the deceptive route in order to protect the actual route of attack.
【原文】第九計‧隔岸觀火陽乖序亂，陰以待逆。暴戾恣睢，其勢自斃。順以動豫，豫順以動。
【按語】乖氣浮張，逼則受擊，退則遠之，則亂自起。昔袁尚、袁熙奔遼東，眾尚有數千騎。初，遼東太守公孫康，恃遠不服。及曹操破烏丸，或說曹遂征之，尚兄弟可擒也。操曰：「吾方使斬送尚、熙首來，不煩兵矣。」九月，操引兵自柳城還，康即斬尚、熙，傳其首。諸將問其故，澡日：「彼素畏尚等，吾急之，則並力；緩之，則相圖，其勢然也。」或曰：此兵書火攻之道也，按兵書《火攻篇》前段言火攻之法，後段言慎動之理，與隔岸觀火之意，亦相吻合。
【中英對照】
第九計： 隔岸觀火
Strategy 9: Watch the Fire from Across the Shore
坐山觀虎鬥
Watch Two Tigers Fight From a Distance
戰國時，一位名辯士陳軫剛好來到秦國，秦惠王便將是否要出面調停韓、魏兩國之間多年戰爭的難題告訴陳軫，請他幫忙想想解決的辦法，陳軫想了想，便告訴秦惠王一個有關「卞莊子刺虎」的故事。
In the Warring States Period, there was a famous advisor named Chen Jhen. Once, while Chen Jhen was visiting the country of Cin , King Cin Huei took the opportunity to ask Chen Jhen for advice on whether he should intervene as an arbitrator in conflict between the countries of Han and Wei. Chen Jhen then told King Cin Huei a story about how Bian Jhuang Zih killed the tiger.
故事內容是說有個叫卞莊子的人，有一次看到兩隻老虎在爭一頭牛，便想拔劍來刺虎，結果僕人阻止他說：「等一下，你看兩虎爭一牛，表示一定會有廝殺，結果一定是強者受傷獲勝，弱者死掉，這時你再出面刺殺受傷的老虎，這不是一舉得兩虎嗎？」
The story was about a man named Bian Jhuang Zih. One day he saw two tigers fighting over a cow. He was about to pull out his sword to kill the tigers when his servant stopped him. His servant said, “Wait a moment, master. Look, two tigers are fighting over the same cow. This means a bloody fight between the two is inevitable. No doubt the stronger will win, and the weaker will die. But the stronger will also be wounded as a result. So why not wait until then, and you will just need to kill the wounded tiger that remains？”
陳軫接著說：「現在韓、魏爭戰就像兩虎相鬥，遲早弱國會被強國消滅的，大王您不如效法卞莊子的做法吧！」果然，秦成了最後的大贏家。
Chen Jhen continued, “Now Han and Wei are fighting each other just like those two tigers. Sooner or later the weaker will be vanquished by the stronger. Your Majesty, why not do what Bian Jhuang Zih did and wait until then？”As Chen Jhen predicted, Cin ended up being the ultimate winner in this conflict between Han and Wei.
隔岸觀火一般指不採取任何行動，不過這裡還有更深一層的意義，指任由對方不利的情勢發展，一直到最後，自己再來坐收漁翁之利的意思；也就是靜觀其變，終能得利。
Generally speaking it means neither responding nor taking any actions. But it has a deeper meaning, which is to let a situation that is detrimental to your enemy develop so that you could benefit from it. In other words, wait and see how an event that will work in your favor develops to its natural end. The spoils belong to those who have the patience to wait until a situation changes to their advantage.
【原文】第十計‧笑裡藏刀信而安之，陰以圖之，備而後動，勿使有變。剛中柔外也。
【按語】兵書云：「辭卑而益備者，進也；……無約而請和者，謀也。」故凡敵人之巧言令色，皆殺機之外露也。宋曹瑋知渭州，號令明肅，西夏人憚之。一日瑋方對客奕棋，會有叛誇數千，亡奔夏境。堠騎（騎馬的探子）報至，諸將相顧失色，公言笑如平時。徐謂騎日：「吾命也，汝勿顯言。」西夏人聞之，以為襲己，盡殺之。此臨機應變之用也。若勾踐之事夫差，則意使其久而安之矣。
【中英對照】
第十計： 笑裡藏刀
Strategy 10: A Dagger Sheathed in a Smile
公孫鞅取河西
Shang Yang Took West of the Yellow River
戰國初年，秦國還不算是強國，秦孝公為了強大國力，便下令徵才來輔助國政，這時候，公孫鞅便來到秦國，他後來幫孝公振興國家，孝公便將商地封給他，後來人們就稱他為商鞅。
In the early years of the Warring States Period, Cin was not yet a strong country. In order to strengthen his country, Cin Siao Gong recruited talented people to assist him in governing the country. Shang Yang was one of those people who came to Cin and helped advise Cin Siao Gong on how to reform Cin. For his contributions, Cin Siao Gong awarded Shang Yang both land and title.
西元前340年，孝公又派商鞅領兵攻打魏國，魏王派公子魏卯迎戰，商鞅知道後十分高興，立刻寫封信給魏卯。
In 340 BC, Cin Siao Gong appointed Shang Yang as general to attack the country of Wei. The king of Wei sent prince Wei Mao to lead the defense. Shang Yang was very glad when he heard this. He wrote Wei Mao a letter immediately.
信的內容是：「想起以前在魏國和你相處的情形，十分令人懷念，今天雖然我們輔佐的人不同，可是我還是很珍惜彼此間的友情，我也不想和你處於敵對的狀態，如果可以見面談談，想出一個對雙方都可以接受的辦法，訂立合約，就不用動刀槍，如此不是兩全其美嗎？」
Shang Yang wrote, “The time we spent together in Wei was a precious memory to me. Although we are serving different masters now, I still treasure our friendship very much and do not want to be hostile towards you. So why don’t we meet and talk about a solution that is acceptable to both of us and sign a peace accord without the use of force? Wouldn’t this be a perfect outcome?”
魏卯信以為真，便答應商鞅的提議，見面後相談甚歡，沒想到，宴會結束後，魏卯中了伏兵，成了階下囚，商鞅便乘機攻打魏軍，魏軍吃了敗仗，魏王不得已只好將河西割給了秦國。
Reading this, Wei Mao was naive enough to believe it and accepted his invitation. They met and had a very pleasant talk. However, when the talk was over, Wei Mao was ambushed on his way back and captured as a prisoner. Shang Yang took this opportunity to launch an attack against Wei and won a big victory. As a result, the king of Wei had to cede the territory west of the Yellow River to Cin.
笑裡藏刀先用和善親切的態度取得對方的信任，等對方解除戒心，再暗中計畫打擊對方的計謀。
Befriend and charm yourself to the enemy. After you have gained his trust, you can then plot against him in secret.
【原文】第十一計‧李代桃僵勢必有損，損陰以益陽。
【按語】我敵之情，各有長短。戰爭之事，難得全勝，而勝負之訣，即在長短之相較，乃有以短勝長之秘訣。如以下駟敵上駟，以上駟敵中駟，以中駟敵下駟之類：則誠兵家獨具之詭謀，非常理之可測也。
【中英對照】
第十一計： 李代桃僵
Strategy 11: Sacrifice the Plum for the Peach
趙氏孤兒
The Last Orphan of Jhao
春秋時戰爭不斷，晉靈公時有位寵臣叫做屠岸賈，他一直視趙氏一族為眼中釘，他宣稱趙盾殺了靈公，並建議要將趙氏全族誅殺。到了晉景公時，趙盾去世，由他的兒子趙朔接替官位，晉景公聽信讒言，便交給屠岸賈全權處理。因為有人向趙朔通風報信，所以趙朔已身懷六甲的妻子莊姬逃過了被殺害的命運。不久後莊姬生下一個兒子，屠岸賈知道這個消息後，便想要斬草除根，而想援救趙家骨肉的程嬰及公孫杵臼，都是以前曾受過趙家恩惠的人，經過商議，程嬰忍痛將自己剛出生的兒子來代替趙家骨肉。結果真正的趙家骨肉平安無事，被程嬰帶到深山隱居起來，十五年後趙家冤屈終於平反了。這就是用「李代桃僵」策略，來挽救忠良後代有名的歷史故事－趙氏孤兒。
During the Spring and Autumn Period, a man by the name of Tu An Jia in the country of Jin was a favorite lackey of Jin Ling Gong. Jin Ling Gong was a tyrant, and he was killed by a cousin of then Prime Minister Jhao Dun. Since Tu An Jia’s influence in the Court was derived from Jin Ling Gong, he fell out of favor, and so he hated Jhao Dun as a result. He claimed that Jhao Dun was a co-conspirator in the murder of Jin Ling Gong and suggested that the whole Jhao clan be executed as befitting the crime of murdering the king. Jin Ling Gong’s son Jin Jing Gong was young at the time, and he believed Tu An Jia’s story. So he gave Tu An Jia full authority to execute the Jhao clan. Because of a tip off about the impending massacre, the pregnant wife of Jhao Dun’s son Jhao Shuo was able to escape the fate of being killed. Later she gave birth to a boy. But when the news reached Tu An Jia, he wanted to make sure that the entire blood line of Jhao was wiped out. Knowing that the last Jhao baby was in grave danger, Chen Ying and Gong Sun Chu Jiou wanted to repay the kindness they had received from Jhao Shuo by saving the last Jhao baby. They discussed with each other and came up with a plan. Knowing that Tu An Jia would never quit until he kills the baby, Chen Ying substituted his own newborn son to be killed in order to satisfy Tu An Jia and save the last Jhao
baby. This was how the last orphan of Jhao was saved. He was raised by Chen Ying in a remote mountain. Fifteen years later, the injustice done to the Jhao family finally was cleared. This is the famous historical story ‒ The Last Orphan of Jhao - in which the strategy of “Sacrificing the plum to save the peach” was used to save the descendent of a loyal vassal.
李代桃僵原指代人受過或是冒名頂替成為代罪羔羊。在策略運用上，指當局勢發展漸漸不利時，在必要時刻，只好犧牲小部分來顧全大局。
Originally it means taking the blame for others or being used as a scapegoat. But when applied to strategy, it means to sacrifice something of value in order to stay in the game or to win the game in the end.
【原文】第十二計‧順手牽羊微隙在所必乘；微利在所必得。少陰，少陽。
【按語】大軍動處，其隙甚多，乘間取利，不必以勝。勝固可用，敗亦可用。
【中英對照】
第十二計： 順手牽羊
Strategy 12: Seize the Opportunity to Lead the Sheep Away
趙國求救
Jhao Appeals for Help
公元前354年，魏惠王打算進攻北邊的趙國，他派龐涓領軍前往攻打，兩年後攻到趙國首都邯鄆城下，趙王眼看局勢不利便向實力雄厚的楚國求助。
In 354 BC, King Wei Huei was planning to launch an attack on Jhao, a country north of Wei. He appointed Pang-Juan as his general. Two years later the Wei army fought its way to Handan (city in Hebei), the capital of Jhao, and laid a siege outside the city walls. Jhao was desperate, so the king of Jhao appealed to Chu for help. At that time, Chu was a country with a strong military.
楚王的宰相昭奚恤反對出兵，只有景舍贊成出兵並且提出一個以救趙為名義，一方面削弱魏國實力，一方面可以順手牽羊，替楚國謀取利益的計策。
After hearing Jhao’s appeal for help, the prime minister of Chu advised against coming to Jhao’s aid, but another advisor Jing She thought otherwise. Jing She was in favor of sending the troops. He proposed a strategy by which under the pretext of rescuing Jhao, they could undermine the strength of Wei while profiting from Chu.
楚王便派景舍領軍從趙、楚國界進入趙國，不久龐涓就攻下邯鄆城，這時卻聽到齊軍進攻魏國首都大梁，龐涓連忙撤兵趕回魏國，沒想到在半路上，又遇到齊軍的伏兵，吃了大敗仗。
So the king of Chu appointed Jing She as the general of the army. In the name of rescuing Jhao, the Chu army entered Jhao. Soon Handan (city in Hebei) was seized by the Wei general Pang-Juan. But immediately, news came that the capital of Wei was under siege by the Ci army. So Pang-Juan hastily left Handan (city in Hebei) and retreated immediately to defend Wei’s capital. However, the Wei troops were ambushed on their way back by the Ci army and suffered heavy losses.
此時魏、趙兩國都受到重創，但對楚軍卻是大好時機，景舍便趁機佔領趙國南部的部分領土，他的「順手牽羊」計謀便大功告成。
Both Wei and Jhao had been hurt badly in this episode and are in no position to fight again in the near term. This presented Chu with a golden opportunity. Since the Chu army was already in Jhao, Jing She quickly seized the southern part of Jhao, and there was nothing Jhao could do. As a result, Jing She’s tactic of “Stealing a goat along the way” proved to be a big success.
趙國的求援，讓楚國有領兵進趙國的機會，加上齊國趁魏國城中無兵力便前往攻打，這個有利的時機，使得楚國不費一兵一卒，便佔領趙國的部分領土，也就是順手所牽的「羊」。
The appeal for help from Jhao provided a pretext for Chu to legitimately enter Jhao with its troops. Coupled with the unexpected event of the attack on the capital of Wei by the Ci army while the bulk of Wei’s army was laying siege to Jhao, this was a great opportunity for Chu to seize more land from Jhao without having to fight for it. The ”goat” in this strategy refers to the territory of Jhao.
順手牽羊本指趁機偷竊別人的財物，在這引申為把握對方出現小缺失的機會，我們應該把握機會，進而謀取利益，就算只有小利也要把握住。
Originally it means to steal something when the opportunity presents itself. Here it means to take advantage of any opportunity that presents itself, no matter how small, and to profit from it.
沒有留言:
張貼留言