《三十六計》第六套 敗戰計 36 Strategies / Stratagems
佚名
總說
【原文】六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其空，機不可設，設則不中。
【按語】解語重數不重理，蓋理，術語自明；而數，則在言外，若徒知術之為術，而不知術中有數，則術多不應，且詭謀權術，原在事理之中，人情之內。徜事出不經，則詭異立見，詫世惑俗，而機謀洩矣。或曰：三十六計中，每六計成一套，第一套為勝戰計，第二套為敵戰計，第三套為攻戰計，第四套為混戰計，第五套為並戰計，第六套為敗戰計。
第六套 敗戰計
【原文】第卅一計‧美人計兵強者，攻其將；兵智者，伐其情。將弱兵頹，其勢自萎。利用禦寇，順相保也。
【按語】兵強將智，不可以敵，勢必事先。事之以土地，以增其勢，如六國之事秦：策之最下者也。事之以幣帛，以增其富，如宋之事遼金：策之下者也。惟事以美人，以佚其志，以弱其體，以增其下怨。如勾踐以西施重寶取悅夫差，乃可轉敗為勝。
【中英對照】
第三十一計： 美人計
Strategy 31: The Beauty Trap
李光弼的美馬計
The Pretty Mares Trap
唐玄宗時的「安史之亂」，李光弼與叛將史思明在河陽隔著河對峙不下，史軍有一千多匹好馬，軍隊實力強過李軍。
During the An Shih Rebellion of the Tang Dynasty, the government army was led by the general Li Guang Bi, and the rebel army was led by the general Shih Sih Ming. The two armies stalemated on opposite sides of He Yang River. The rebel army had more than one thousand fine horses and was in better condition than the government army.
這一群馬每天都會到河邊洗澡，李光弼看著看著，突然想到一條妙計。他叫屬下把軍中所有母馬都集中起來，算算有五百匹母馬，接著又將小馬關到城裡面，等到史軍的馬在河邊洗澡時，把所有母馬趕出來，因為母馬想念小馬，便開始嘶叫起來，馬群中的公馬們一聽到母馬叫，異性相吸的緣故，自然會往母馬的方向跑，原本馬群中的母馬也跟過來。
The rebel army’s horses came to the riverbank to bath everyday. Watching them by the river gave Li Guang Bi a brilliant idea. He ordered his men to assemble all the mares in their camp. There were about five hundred mares. Then he ordered all the ponies to be taken away and locked inside the city gates. That day, when the horses from the rebel army arrived at the river again for their daily bath, Li Guang Bi released all his mares to his side of the riverbank. Because the ponies had all been taken away, the mares started to whinny and call out for their youngsters. Hearing the calls and attracted by the mares, the calls and attracted by the mares, the stallions from the rebel army waded across the river. And the mares soon followed across too.
就這樣，史思明軍中的馬都跟著李光弼的母馬，全數游過了河跑到城裡，千匹好馬自然全都被李光弼接收，佔為己有。史思明的軍力頓時被削減一大半，這就是有名的「美馬計」。
In an instant, all one thousand rebel horses became government property. The strength of the rebel army was decimated as a result. This is the famous historical story of the “Pretty Mares Trap”
美人計指利用人類的天性－貪圖美色，來吸引對方後，再進一步消磨掉他的鬥志，因為再英勇善戰的將官，大多過不了「美人」這一關。
Using beauty and sex as a weapon to distract the enemy and drain him of his fighting spirit. Even the bravest warrior is likely to be entrapped by beauty.
【原文】第卅二計‧空城計虛者虛之，疑中生疑；剛柔之際，奇而復奇。
【按語】虛虛實實，兵無常勢。虛而示虛，諸葛而後，不乏其人。如吐蕃陷瓜州，王君煥死，河西惱懼。以張守圭為瓜州刺史，領餘眾，方復築州城。版干裁立，敵又暴至。略無守御之具。城中相顧失色，莫有鬥志。守圭日：「徒眾我寡，又瘡痍之後，不可以矢石相持，須以權道制之。」乃於城上，置酒作樂，以會將士。敵疑城中有備，不敢攻而退。又如齊祖廷為北徐州刺史，至州，會有陳寇，百姓多反。廷不關城門。守陴者，皆令下城，靜座街巷，禁斷行人雞犬。賊無所見聞，不測所以，或疑人走城空，不設警備。廷復令大叫，鼓噪聒天，賊大驚，頓時走散。
【中英對照】
第三十二計： 空城計
Strategy 32: The Empty Fort
諸葛亮的空城計
"The Empty Fort" by Jhu Ge Liang
蜀軍因為馬謖在街亭吃了大敗仗，軍力損失不少，諸葛亮只帶著五千名士兵，在西城搬運糧草。這時，突然聽到司馬懿帶領十五萬大軍過來，諸葛亮心想不妙，因為大將不在，士兵又有一半帶著糧草回去了，想一想之後，決定放手一搏。
The Shu army suffered a huge loss in the battle of Jie Ting where the general Ma Su lost the strategic city of Jie Ting and many soldiers. As a result, Jhu Ge Liang, the military advisor of Shu, only had five thousand soldiers left with him. While they were busy moving military supplies at the West City, news arrived that the enemy force of one hundred and fifty thousand troops, led by its general Sih Ma Yi, was heading towards them. Jhu Ge Liang thought this was bad news because his general Ma Su was not available and half of the soldiers had already gone back with the military supplies. In other words, they were extremely outnumbered by the enemy. However, after some contemplation, he decided to fight nevertheless.
諸葛亮叫士兵把軍旗拿掉，四面城門全開，每扇門各派二十位士兵，扮成老百姓的模樣悠閒的打掃街道，其他人都不准隨便進出，更不可以大聲喧譁，否則一律斬首。接著，兩名書僮拿著琴跟著諸葛亮到城樓上，諸葛亮焚香後開始彈琴。
Jhu Ge Liang ordered his soldiers to remove all the battle flags and had all four gates of the fort flung wide open. He then sent twenty soldiers to each gate disguised as civilians sweeping the grounds, acting nonchalantly. No one was allowed to neither leave the city nor talk in a loud voice. Anyone who acted against the orders would be executed on the spot. Then, he ascended the tower with two servants carrying his lute.
當魏軍到達時，看到眼前的景象，沒人敢輕舉妄動，司馬懿到城門下觀望時，看到諸葛亮面帶笑容，專注的彈琴，城門口的老百姓也安靜的在掃地，完全感受不到快打戰的浮躁氣氛，琴聲也十分平靜祥和，司馬懿下令大軍立刻撤退，並對反對退兵的兒子說：「諸葛亮是一個做事謹慎小心的人，不會去冒這麼大的危險，一定是有伏兵，他才會如此悠閒的彈琴。」
After burning some incense, he started to play his lute. When the Wei army arrived at the gate, the sight of a smiling Jhu Ge Liang playing his lute and the civilians quietly sweeping the grounds stunned them. No one dared to attack. It was all too quiet and peaceful. There was not the slightest anxiety of impending war. Seeing this, Sih Ma Yi ordered his troops to retreat immediately. He said to his son who was against the retreat, “Jhu Ge Liang is a thoughtful and resourceful man. He would not take such a huge risk. There must be an ambush waiting for us inside. This is why he played his lute with such ease and cool composure.”
空城計是一種大膽的心理戰術，當自己的實力相當弱的時候，故意表現出完全不設防的狀態，讓對方感到疑惑，以為是誘敵之計，反而不敢輕舉妄動。
This is a daring and highly risky strategy of psychological warfare. When your strength is relatively weak, drop all pretence of military preparation and act casually. The incongruity of the situation will confuse your enemy and make him believe that there is a trap waiting for him. This way, your enemy would be hesitant to advance.
【原文】第卅三計‧反間計疑中之疑。比之自內，不自失也。
【按語】間者，使敵自相疑忌也；反間者，因敵之間而間之也。如燕昭王薨，惠王自為太子時，不快於樂毅。田單乃縱反間曰：「樂毅與燕王有隙，畏誅，欲連兵王齊，齊人未附。故且緩攻即墨，以待其事。齊人唯恐他將來，即墨殘矣。」惠王聞之，即使騎劫代將，毅遂奔趙。又如周瑜利用曹操間諜，以間其將；陳平以金縱反間於楚軍，間范增，楚王疑而去之。亦疑中之疑之局也。
【中英對照】
第三十三計： 反間計
Strategy 33: The Art of Counter-Espionage
蔣幹偷信
Jiang Gan Stole The Letters
有一次，魏國的曹操水軍敗給吳國的周瑜後，便找來善水戰的大將蔡瑁及張允來訓練水軍，周瑜知道後，想把這兩位大將除掉，曹操得知周瑜在探查水軍操練情形，心裡很不安。這時，曹軍中最能言善道的蔣幹，表示過去和周瑜是舊識，加上自己的好口才，一定能說服周瑜投效曹操。
Cao Cao’s navy was defeated by Jhou Yu, a general of Wu. So Cao Cao recruited generals Cai Mao and Jhang Yun, who are experts in naval battles, to train an rebuild his navy. When the news reached Jhou Yu, he thought that both generals must be removed in order to prevent future threat. When Cao Cao learned that Jhou Yu was inquiring about his new navy, he was very nervous. At this point, Jiang Gan, a subordinate famous for his eloquence, told Cao Cao that given the fact that he and Jhou Yu were old acquaintances, he is confident that he could persuade Jhou Yu to defect to Cao Cao.
當蔣幹到達吳軍軍營時，周瑜便開口對他說：「孫權很重用我，我是不會去投效曹操的。好久不見了，我們今天只話家常不談政治，我準備好酒好菜，咱們不醉不歸。」周瑜心情很好，酒一杯接著一杯喝，最後喝醉倒在一旁睡覺，蔣幹看到書桌上有些公文書信，便想找找看有沒有什麼好情報，竟然看到蔡瑁及張允兩人與周瑜的密函。
When Jiang Gan arrived at the Wu camp, Jhou Yu said, “The king of Wu regards me highly. I will not offer my services to Cao Cao. In any case, we have not seen each other for a long time. Let’s not talk politics tonight but just chat. I have prepared food and wine for you. Let’s drink till we drop.” Jhou Yu was in an extremely good mood and drank cup after cup until he passed out. Jiang Gan saw some papers lying on Jhou Yu’s desk and thought about rummaging through them to look for some useful intelligence. To his shock, he found some secret correspondence between Jhou Yu and the two generals Cai Mao and Jhang Yun.
隔天一早，馬上回去告訴曹操，兩名大將原來是吳軍的奸細，曹操一時衝動，把兩人立刻斬首，等到事後冷靜思考，才知道中了周瑜的「反間計」，但是為時已晚。
The next morning, upon his return, he reported what he had learned to Cao Cao immediately. Of course, he told Cao Cao of discovery that Cai Mao and Jhang Yun were actually spies sent by Wu. Cao Cao was furious. On impulse, and without verifying the truthfulness of this information, he executed the two immediately. It was only afterwards, when he reflected on the whole event, that he realized he had been tricked by Jhou Yu’s counter-intelligence and disinformation efforts. But it was too late.
反間計是收買敵人的部屬，替自己蒐集或竊取敵方情報，甚至代傳假情報給敵方，使敵人做出錯誤的判斷或決定。
Bribe your enemy’s subordinates to spy on or spread disinformation to your enemy, thereby tricking your enemy into making the wrong judgment or the wrong decision.
【原文】第卅四計‧苦肉計人不自害，受害必真；假真真假，間以得行。童蒙之吉，順以巽也。
【按語】間者，使敵人相疑也；反間者，因敵人之疑，而實其疑也；苦肉計者，蓋假作自間以間人也。凡遣與己有隙者以誘敵人，約為響應，或約為共力者，皆苦肉計之類也。如：鄭武公伐胡而先以女妻胡君，並戮關其思；韓信下齊而驪生遭烹。
【中英對照】
第三十四計： 苦肉計
Strategy 34: The Strategy of Self-Mutilation
周瑜打黃蓋
Jhou Yu Canes Huan Gai
三國時，蔡瑁被曹操殺掉後，弟弟蔡中、蔡和就跑去向周瑜詐降，周瑜看他們沒帶任何家屬，知道是詐降，就想將計就計，並找來老將黃蓋演一場苦肉計。周瑜以前曾下軍令：「說『投降』的人，一律斬首。」第二天，周瑜下令要跟曹軍打戰，黃蓋說：「根本打不過曹軍大隊人馬，不如投降算了。」周瑜假裝生氣要把黃蓋斬首，大家聽到後全跪下求情，周瑜就說：「好吧！免你死罪，改打五十大板。」
In the Three Kingdoms Period, after Cao Cao executed Cai Mao, the victim’s brothers, Cai Jhong and Cai He, plotted a false surrender to Jhou yu. Noticing that they did not bring their families with them, Jhou Yu knew that this was a trick. Pretending to be unaware, Jhou Yu called on his old comrade Huan Gai to perform a two-man show of “self-mutilation” in front of the two spies. Jhou Yu had previously given an order that said anybody who says the words “surrender” in his army will be executed. The next day Jhou Yu ordered an attack on the Cao army. Huan Gai was against it. He said, “We cannot possible defeat Cao Cao’s huge army. Why not just surrender now?” Jhou Yu pretended to be furious at those remarks and ordered Huan Gai to be beheaded. Everybody fell on their knees to plead for Huan Gai’s life. So Jhou Yu relented and said, “All right. I hereby commute your death penalty. But you shall be caned fifty times as punishment.”
黃蓋寫封投降信給曹操，蔡中向曹操表示黃蓋真的被打個半死，疑心病重的曹操相信了。黃蓋又寫信：「我今晚坐的糧船會插著青龍牙旗，在江上會合。」當晚，曹操看到整個船隊都插著旗子，高興說：「太好了，還帶份大禮來給我。」快靠近時，軍師大叫：「載糧的船很笨重，它們的船吃水淺，我們中計了，快回頭。」
Afterwards, Huan Gai wrote a letter of defection to Cao Cao. And Cao Cao’ spy Cai Jhong was able to verify that Huan Gai was nearly beaten to death. The usually paranoid Cao Cao therefore believed him. Huan Gai wrote, “The military supply ships I am going to take with me tonight when I defect will be flying the colors of blue dragons. We will meet in the middle of the river.” That night, at the sight of a whole fleet flying blue dragon flags, Cao Cao said joyfully, “Magnificent! He even brought a big present for me.” When the fleet came close, Cao Cao’s military advisor suddently noticed something wrong and shouted out loud,“Supply ships are usually very heavy. These ships take on too little water. We have been tricked. Turn back immediately!”
因為曹操的船全扣在一起，加上又吹東風，所以，當糧船起火時，曹軍的船也全被燒光了。
As soon as he said that, the supply ships started to burn. At that time, there was an east wind blowing the fire from the supply ships towards Cao Cao’s fleet. And because Cao Cao’s fleet of ships were chained together, the ships could not turn around in time to get away from the fire. As a result, the fire spread from ship to ship, and Cao Cao’s entire fleet was completely burned.
苦肉計指故意設計自己受傷，來取信敵人，進一步從事間諜方面的工作，達到離間及分化對方的作用，最後讓計謀成功。
Injuring yourself wins the trust of your enemy. Then spy and sow discourse among the enemy to cause division and strife, weakening the enemy until final victory is achieved.
【原文】第卅五計‧連環計將多兵眾，不可以敵，使其自累，以殺其勢。在師中吉，承天寵也。
【按語】龐統使曹操戰艦勾連，而後縱火焚之，使不得脫。則連環計者，其結在使敵自累，而後圖之。蓋一計累敵，一計攻敵，兩計扣用，以摧強勢也。如宋畢再遇嘗引敵與戰，且前且卻，至於數四。視日已晚，乃以香料煮黑豆，布地上。復前搏戰，佯敗走。敵乘勝追逐。其馬已饑，聞豆香，乃就食，鞭之不前。遇率師反攻，遂大勝。皆連環之計也。
【中英對照】
第三十五計： 連環計
Strategy 35: The Strategy of Coordinating Tactics
畢再遇撒豆子
Bi Zai Yu Scatters the Beans
宋朝時，金人常攻打邊境宋軍，強大的的金兵把宋軍打得落花流水，畢再遇心想與金兵絕不能硬碰硬，所以，當金兵攻來，他就帶領宋軍逃走，當金兵休戰時，他又故意攻打，就像打游擊戰一樣，於是常把金兵弄得累個半死。
During the Song Dynasty, Jin often attacked the border towns of Song. And the small Song border garrisons were not capable of defending themselves from the strong Jin army and were often badly mauled in battle. Bi Zai Yu knew that it was suicidal to fight the Jin army directly. So instead he used guerilla warfare. Whenever the Jin army advanced to attack him, he retreated and fled with his garrison. Whenever the Jin army took a break, he harassed and attacked them. Soon the Jin army was exhausted fighting a guerilla war with the small Song garrison.
這一次，他又趁著金兵休息時，派兵攻打金營，當金兵出動攻擊時，宋軍又逃得不見人影，金兵只好收兵回營，正當又要休息時，宋軍又擊鼓宣戰，金軍的馬匹根本來不及吃糧草，又要出去應戰，這時，畢再遇算準馬匹餓肚子，事先叫士兵煮了一堆豆子，接著便在地上撒豆子，金兵一到時，所有馬兒忙著吃地上的豆子充飢，根本不聽指揮，這時宋軍趁著大亂，一舉消滅金兵。
Once, while the Jin army was taking a break, Bi Zai Yu launched an attack again. When the Jin army responded, the Song army fled. So the Jin army returned to their camp. But when the Jin army was just about to take a break, the Song army returned and beat their battle drums to fight again. The Jin camp had no time to feed their horses before they had to fight again. Bi Zai Yu anticipated that the horses must be starving by now. So he ordered his soldiers to prepare lots of beans and scattered them on the
ground. When the Jin army arrived, their starving horses saw the beans and started feed on them in frenzy, oblivious to the orders given by their riders. The Jin army fell into chaos, and the Song garrison annihilated the Jin army.
連環計是當敵人比自己強大時，用一連串互相環扣的計謀，來達到勝利的目的。不過，因為計謀是環環相扣的，所以一步走錯，就會全盤皆輸。
When the enemy is too powerful to fight directly, use a combination of well-coordinated schemes and strategies to achieve victory. However, because the complicated battle plan needs near perfect coordination, if one thing falls apart, everything will far apart.
【原文】第卅六計‧走為上策全師避敵。左次無咎，未失常也。
【按語】敵勢全勝，我不能戰，則必降，必和，必走。降則全敗，和則半敗，走則未敗。未敗者，勝之轉機也。如宋畢再遇與金人對壘，度金兵至者日眾，難與爭鋒。一夕拔營去，留旗幟於營，縛生羊懸之，置其前二足於鼓上，羊不堪懸，則足擊鼓有聲。金人不覺為空營，相持數日，乃覺，欲追之，則已遠矣。可謂善走者矣！
【中英對照】
第三十六計： 走為上策
Strategy 36: If All Else Fails Retreat
走為上策
If All Else Fails Retreat
魏太帝聽到宋國名將檀道濟領軍北上，就把大將叔孫建及公孫道生找來，要他們不可輕敵。兩軍打到歷城時，宋軍軍糧只剩三天分，檀道濟便決定撤軍。
When the news reached Emperor Wei Tai that the famous Song general Tan Dao Ji was leading his troops northwards towards Wei, he called on his generals Shu Sun Jian and Gong Sun Dao Sheng to defend Wei and not to take the enemy lightly. When the two armies finally engaged each other at Li Cheng, the Song army had only enough food supply to last another three days. So Tan Dao Ji decided to retreat.
不料，投降的宋兵把軍糧快吃完的消息報告魏軍，叔孫建便下令追擊，檀道濟這時居然下令紮營煮飯，叔孫建看到後以為有詐不敢進攻。
However, some of the Song soldiers who were captured in battle revealed to the Wei side the food shortage problem. Hearing this, Shu Sun Jian thought it was the golden opportunity he was waiting for and gave the order to chase the retreating Song army. But to his surprise, Tan Dao Ji ordered his soldiers to camp on the spot and make dinner. Shu Sun Jian was wary of a trap and so hesitated to attack.
宋軍吃完晚飯後，糧官就叫士兵點燈高唱軍糧的數量，每裝滿一袋時，便高唱：「再加兩百斤，滿十萬斤了。」並把糧袋堆成像小山一樣高，士兵還故意失手打翻米袋，魏軍一看滿地白米，趕緊報告叔孫建。
After the dinner was finished, Song officers in charge of food supply ordered a supply count. The soldiers lit up the lamps and counted out loud each sack of rice. Whenever a bag was filled up, the soldiers would call out, “Add another 200 kilograms. That’s a total of one hundred thousand kilograms.’’ The rice sacks were piled up as high as a small hill. The soldiers also deliberately spilled the sacks so that the rice was scattered all over the ground. The Wei army saw this and reported to Shu Sun Jian immediately.
第二天，叔孫建披戰袍觀看宋軍，宋營鼓聲大作，戰車上帥旗高掛一人穿便服，後面跟著整齊的宋軍，對四周的魏軍一點都沒放在眼裡，叔孫建不敢輕敵，決定三十六計走為上策，便下令撤軍十里，宋軍就這樣突出重圍，全軍而返。
The next day, Shu Sun Jian put on full armor watched the Song army. The sound of the battle drums from the Song camp was deafening. Tan Dao Ji dressed casually and sat in his chariot. The battle flags of Song hung high on the chariot, and he was followed by the well disciplined Song army. They seemed to take no notice to the surrounding Wei army. Seeing his, Shu Sun Jian dared not underestimate the enemy, so he decided to retreat. The Wei army retreated to as far as ten kilometers away. The crisis was thus resolved, and the Song army returned safely home.
走為上策指當情勢對我方非常不利，又沒有任何辦法可以改變局勢時，只有撤退避開敵人，才是上上之策。
If the situation is bad and you have no way of reversing it, the best thing to do is to avoid certain defeat in battle and retreat.
佚名
總說
【原文】六六三十六，數中有術，術中有數。陰陽燮理，機在其空，機不可設，設則不中。
【按語】解語重數不重理，蓋理，術語自明；而數，則在言外，若徒知術之為術，而不知術中有數，則術多不應，且詭謀權術，原在事理之中，人情之內。徜事出不經，則詭異立見，詫世惑俗，而機謀洩矣。或曰：三十六計中，每六計成一套，第一套為勝戰計，第二套為敵戰計，第三套為攻戰計，第四套為混戰計，第五套為並戰計，第六套為敗戰計。
第六套 敗戰計
【原文】第卅一計‧美人計兵強者，攻其將；兵智者，伐其情。將弱兵頹，其勢自萎。利用禦寇，順相保也。
【按語】兵強將智，不可以敵，勢必事先。事之以土地，以增其勢，如六國之事秦：策之最下者也。事之以幣帛，以增其富，如宋之事遼金：策之下者也。惟事以美人，以佚其志，以弱其體，以增其下怨。如勾踐以西施重寶取悅夫差，乃可轉敗為勝。
【中英對照】
第三十一計： 美人計
Strategy 31: The Beauty Trap
李光弼的美馬計
The Pretty Mares Trap
唐玄宗時的「安史之亂」，李光弼與叛將史思明在河陽隔著河對峙不下，史軍有一千多匹好馬，軍隊實力強過李軍。
During the An Shih Rebellion of the Tang Dynasty, the government army was led by the general Li Guang Bi, and the rebel army was led by the general Shih Sih Ming. The two armies stalemated on opposite sides of He Yang River. The rebel army had more than one thousand fine horses and was in better condition than the government army.
這一群馬每天都會到河邊洗澡，李光弼看著看著，突然想到一條妙計。他叫屬下把軍中所有母馬都集中起來，算算有五百匹母馬，接著又將小馬關到城裡面，等到史軍的馬在河邊洗澡時，把所有母馬趕出來，因為母馬想念小馬，便開始嘶叫起來，馬群中的公馬們一聽到母馬叫，異性相吸的緣故，自然會往母馬的方向跑，原本馬群中的母馬也跟過來。
The rebel army’s horses came to the riverbank to bath everyday. Watching them by the river gave Li Guang Bi a brilliant idea. He ordered his men to assemble all the mares in their camp. There were about five hundred mares. Then he ordered all the ponies to be taken away and locked inside the city gates. That day, when the horses from the rebel army arrived at the river again for their daily bath, Li Guang Bi released all his mares to his side of the riverbank. Because the ponies had all been taken away, the mares started to whinny and call out for their youngsters. Hearing the calls and attracted by the mares, the calls and attracted by the mares, the stallions from the rebel army waded across the river. And the mares soon followed across too.
就這樣，史思明軍中的馬都跟著李光弼的母馬，全數游過了河跑到城裡，千匹好馬自然全都被李光弼接收，佔為己有。史思明的軍力頓時被削減一大半，這就是有名的「美馬計」。
In an instant, all one thousand rebel horses became government property. The strength of the rebel army was decimated as a result. This is the famous historical story of the “Pretty Mares Trap”
美人計指利用人類的天性－貪圖美色，來吸引對方後，再進一步消磨掉他的鬥志，因為再英勇善戰的將官，大多過不了「美人」這一關。
Using beauty and sex as a weapon to distract the enemy and drain him of his fighting spirit. Even the bravest warrior is likely to be entrapped by beauty.
【原文】第卅二計‧空城計虛者虛之，疑中生疑；剛柔之際，奇而復奇。
【按語】虛虛實實，兵無常勢。虛而示虛，諸葛而後，不乏其人。如吐蕃陷瓜州，王君煥死，河西惱懼。以張守圭為瓜州刺史，領餘眾，方復築州城。版干裁立，敵又暴至。略無守御之具。城中相顧失色，莫有鬥志。守圭日：「徒眾我寡，又瘡痍之後，不可以矢石相持，須以權道制之。」乃於城上，置酒作樂，以會將士。敵疑城中有備，不敢攻而退。又如齊祖廷為北徐州刺史，至州，會有陳寇，百姓多反。廷不關城門。守陴者，皆令下城，靜座街巷，禁斷行人雞犬。賊無所見聞，不測所以，或疑人走城空，不設警備。廷復令大叫，鼓噪聒天，賊大驚，頓時走散。
【中英對照】
第三十二計： 空城計
Strategy 32: The Empty Fort
諸葛亮的空城計
"The Empty Fort" by Jhu Ge Liang
蜀軍因為馬謖在街亭吃了大敗仗，軍力損失不少，諸葛亮只帶著五千名士兵，在西城搬運糧草。這時，突然聽到司馬懿帶領十五萬大軍過來，諸葛亮心想不妙，因為大將不在，士兵又有一半帶著糧草回去了，想一想之後，決定放手一搏。
The Shu army suffered a huge loss in the battle of Jie Ting where the general Ma Su lost the strategic city of Jie Ting and many soldiers. As a result, Jhu Ge Liang, the military advisor of Shu, only had five thousand soldiers left with him. While they were busy moving military supplies at the West City, news arrived that the enemy force of one hundred and fifty thousand troops, led by its general Sih Ma Yi, was heading towards them. Jhu Ge Liang thought this was bad news because his general Ma Su was not available and half of the soldiers had already gone back with the military supplies. In other words, they were extremely outnumbered by the enemy. However, after some contemplation, he decided to fight nevertheless.
諸葛亮叫士兵把軍旗拿掉，四面城門全開，每扇門各派二十位士兵，扮成老百姓的模樣悠閒的打掃街道，其他人都不准隨便進出，更不可以大聲喧譁，否則一律斬首。接著，兩名書僮拿著琴跟著諸葛亮到城樓上，諸葛亮焚香後開始彈琴。
Jhu Ge Liang ordered his soldiers to remove all the battle flags and had all four gates of the fort flung wide open. He then sent twenty soldiers to each gate disguised as civilians sweeping the grounds, acting nonchalantly. No one was allowed to neither leave the city nor talk in a loud voice. Anyone who acted against the orders would be executed on the spot. Then, he ascended the tower with two servants carrying his lute.
當魏軍到達時，看到眼前的景象，沒人敢輕舉妄動，司馬懿到城門下觀望時，看到諸葛亮面帶笑容，專注的彈琴，城門口的老百姓也安靜的在掃地，完全感受不到快打戰的浮躁氣氛，琴聲也十分平靜祥和，司馬懿下令大軍立刻撤退，並對反對退兵的兒子說：「諸葛亮是一個做事謹慎小心的人，不會去冒這麼大的危險，一定是有伏兵，他才會如此悠閒的彈琴。」
After burning some incense, he started to play his lute. When the Wei army arrived at the gate, the sight of a smiling Jhu Ge Liang playing his lute and the civilians quietly sweeping the grounds stunned them. No one dared to attack. It was all too quiet and peaceful. There was not the slightest anxiety of impending war. Seeing this, Sih Ma Yi ordered his troops to retreat immediately. He said to his son who was against the retreat, “Jhu Ge Liang is a thoughtful and resourceful man. He would not take such a huge risk. There must be an ambush waiting for us inside. This is why he played his lute with such ease and cool composure.”
空城計是一種大膽的心理戰術，當自己的實力相當弱的時候，故意表現出完全不設防的狀態，讓對方感到疑惑，以為是誘敵之計，反而不敢輕舉妄動。
This is a daring and highly risky strategy of psychological warfare. When your strength is relatively weak, drop all pretence of military preparation and act casually. The incongruity of the situation will confuse your enemy and make him believe that there is a trap waiting for him. This way, your enemy would be hesitant to advance.
【原文】第卅三計‧反間計疑中之疑。比之自內，不自失也。
【按語】間者，使敵自相疑忌也；反間者，因敵之間而間之也。如燕昭王薨，惠王自為太子時，不快於樂毅。田單乃縱反間曰：「樂毅與燕王有隙，畏誅，欲連兵王齊，齊人未附。故且緩攻即墨，以待其事。齊人唯恐他將來，即墨殘矣。」惠王聞之，即使騎劫代將，毅遂奔趙。又如周瑜利用曹操間諜，以間其將；陳平以金縱反間於楚軍，間范增，楚王疑而去之。亦疑中之疑之局也。
【中英對照】
第三十三計： 反間計
Strategy 33: The Art of Counter-Espionage
蔣幹偷信
Jiang Gan Stole The Letters
有一次，魏國的曹操水軍敗給吳國的周瑜後，便找來善水戰的大將蔡瑁及張允來訓練水軍，周瑜知道後，想把這兩位大將除掉，曹操得知周瑜在探查水軍操練情形，心裡很不安。這時，曹軍中最能言善道的蔣幹，表示過去和周瑜是舊識，加上自己的好口才，一定能說服周瑜投效曹操。
Cao Cao’s navy was defeated by Jhou Yu, a general of Wu. So Cao Cao recruited generals Cai Mao and Jhang Yun, who are experts in naval battles, to train an rebuild his navy. When the news reached Jhou Yu, he thought that both generals must be removed in order to prevent future threat. When Cao Cao learned that Jhou Yu was inquiring about his new navy, he was very nervous. At this point, Jiang Gan, a subordinate famous for his eloquence, told Cao Cao that given the fact that he and Jhou Yu were old acquaintances, he is confident that he could persuade Jhou Yu to defect to Cao Cao.
當蔣幹到達吳軍軍營時，周瑜便開口對他說：「孫權很重用我，我是不會去投效曹操的。好久不見了，我們今天只話家常不談政治，我準備好酒好菜，咱們不醉不歸。」周瑜心情很好，酒一杯接著一杯喝，最後喝醉倒在一旁睡覺，蔣幹看到書桌上有些公文書信，便想找找看有沒有什麼好情報，竟然看到蔡瑁及張允兩人與周瑜的密函。
When Jiang Gan arrived at the Wu camp, Jhou Yu said, “The king of Wu regards me highly. I will not offer my services to Cao Cao. In any case, we have not seen each other for a long time. Let’s not talk politics tonight but just chat. I have prepared food and wine for you. Let’s drink till we drop.” Jhou Yu was in an extremely good mood and drank cup after cup until he passed out. Jiang Gan saw some papers lying on Jhou Yu’s desk and thought about rummaging through them to look for some useful intelligence. To his shock, he found some secret correspondence between Jhou Yu and the two generals Cai Mao and Jhang Yun.
隔天一早，馬上回去告訴曹操，兩名大將原來是吳軍的奸細，曹操一時衝動，把兩人立刻斬首，等到事後冷靜思考，才知道中了周瑜的「反間計」，但是為時已晚。
The next morning, upon his return, he reported what he had learned to Cao Cao immediately. Of course, he told Cao Cao of discovery that Cai Mao and Jhang Yun were actually spies sent by Wu. Cao Cao was furious. On impulse, and without verifying the truthfulness of this information, he executed the two immediately. It was only afterwards, when he reflected on the whole event, that he realized he had been tricked by Jhou Yu’s counter-intelligence and disinformation efforts. But it was too late.
反間計是收買敵人的部屬，替自己蒐集或竊取敵方情報，甚至代傳假情報給敵方，使敵人做出錯誤的判斷或決定。
Bribe your enemy’s subordinates to spy on or spread disinformation to your enemy, thereby tricking your enemy into making the wrong judgment or the wrong decision.
【原文】第卅四計‧苦肉計人不自害，受害必真；假真真假，間以得行。童蒙之吉，順以巽也。
【按語】間者，使敵人相疑也；反間者，因敵人之疑，而實其疑也；苦肉計者，蓋假作自間以間人也。凡遣與己有隙者以誘敵人，約為響應，或約為共力者，皆苦肉計之類也。如：鄭武公伐胡而先以女妻胡君，並戮關其思；韓信下齊而驪生遭烹。
【中英對照】
第三十四計： 苦肉計
Strategy 34: The Strategy of Self-Mutilation
周瑜打黃蓋
Jhou Yu Canes Huan Gai
三國時，蔡瑁被曹操殺掉後，弟弟蔡中、蔡和就跑去向周瑜詐降，周瑜看他們沒帶任何家屬，知道是詐降，就想將計就計，並找來老將黃蓋演一場苦肉計。周瑜以前曾下軍令：「說『投降』的人，一律斬首。」第二天，周瑜下令要跟曹軍打戰，黃蓋說：「根本打不過曹軍大隊人馬，不如投降算了。」周瑜假裝生氣要把黃蓋斬首，大家聽到後全跪下求情，周瑜就說：「好吧！免你死罪，改打五十大板。」
In the Three Kingdoms Period, after Cao Cao executed Cai Mao, the victim’s brothers, Cai Jhong and Cai He, plotted a false surrender to Jhou yu. Noticing that they did not bring their families with them, Jhou Yu knew that this was a trick. Pretending to be unaware, Jhou Yu called on his old comrade Huan Gai to perform a two-man show of “self-mutilation” in front of the two spies. Jhou Yu had previously given an order that said anybody who says the words “surrender” in his army will be executed. The next day Jhou Yu ordered an attack on the Cao army. Huan Gai was against it. He said, “We cannot possible defeat Cao Cao’s huge army. Why not just surrender now?” Jhou Yu pretended to be furious at those remarks and ordered Huan Gai to be beheaded. Everybody fell on their knees to plead for Huan Gai’s life. So Jhou Yu relented and said, “All right. I hereby commute your death penalty. But you shall be caned fifty times as punishment.”
黃蓋寫封投降信給曹操，蔡中向曹操表示黃蓋真的被打個半死，疑心病重的曹操相信了。黃蓋又寫信：「我今晚坐的糧船會插著青龍牙旗，在江上會合。」當晚，曹操看到整個船隊都插著旗子，高興說：「太好了，還帶份大禮來給我。」快靠近時，軍師大叫：「載糧的船很笨重，它們的船吃水淺，我們中計了，快回頭。」
Afterwards, Huan Gai wrote a letter of defection to Cao Cao. And Cao Cao’ spy Cai Jhong was able to verify that Huan Gai was nearly beaten to death. The usually paranoid Cao Cao therefore believed him. Huan Gai wrote, “The military supply ships I am going to take with me tonight when I defect will be flying the colors of blue dragons. We will meet in the middle of the river.” That night, at the sight of a whole fleet flying blue dragon flags, Cao Cao said joyfully, “Magnificent! He even brought a big present for me.” When the fleet came close, Cao Cao’s military advisor suddently noticed something wrong and shouted out loud,“Supply ships are usually very heavy. These ships take on too little water. We have been tricked. Turn back immediately!”
因為曹操的船全扣在一起，加上又吹東風，所以，當糧船起火時，曹軍的船也全被燒光了。
As soon as he said that, the supply ships started to burn. At that time, there was an east wind blowing the fire from the supply ships towards Cao Cao’s fleet. And because Cao Cao’s fleet of ships were chained together, the ships could not turn around in time to get away from the fire. As a result, the fire spread from ship to ship, and Cao Cao’s entire fleet was completely burned.
苦肉計指故意設計自己受傷，來取信敵人，進一步從事間諜方面的工作，達到離間及分化對方的作用，最後讓計謀成功。
Injuring yourself wins the trust of your enemy. Then spy and sow discourse among the enemy to cause division and strife, weakening the enemy until final victory is achieved.
【原文】第卅五計‧連環計將多兵眾，不可以敵，使其自累，以殺其勢。在師中吉，承天寵也。
【按語】龐統使曹操戰艦勾連，而後縱火焚之，使不得脫。則連環計者，其結在使敵自累，而後圖之。蓋一計累敵，一計攻敵，兩計扣用，以摧強勢也。如宋畢再遇嘗引敵與戰，且前且卻，至於數四。視日已晚，乃以香料煮黑豆，布地上。復前搏戰，佯敗走。敵乘勝追逐。其馬已饑，聞豆香，乃就食，鞭之不前。遇率師反攻，遂大勝。皆連環之計也。
【中英對照】
第三十五計： 連環計
Strategy 35: The Strategy of Coordinating Tactics
畢再遇撒豆子
Bi Zai Yu Scatters the Beans
宋朝時，金人常攻打邊境宋軍，強大的的金兵把宋軍打得落花流水，畢再遇心想與金兵絕不能硬碰硬，所以，當金兵攻來，他就帶領宋軍逃走，當金兵休戰時，他又故意攻打，就像打游擊戰一樣，於是常把金兵弄得累個半死。
During the Song Dynasty, Jin often attacked the border towns of Song. And the small Song border garrisons were not capable of defending themselves from the strong Jin army and were often badly mauled in battle. Bi Zai Yu knew that it was suicidal to fight the Jin army directly. So instead he used guerilla warfare. Whenever the Jin army advanced to attack him, he retreated and fled with his garrison. Whenever the Jin army took a break, he harassed and attacked them. Soon the Jin army was exhausted fighting a guerilla war with the small Song garrison.
這一次，他又趁著金兵休息時，派兵攻打金營，當金兵出動攻擊時，宋軍又逃得不見人影，金兵只好收兵回營，正當又要休息時，宋軍又擊鼓宣戰，金軍的馬匹根本來不及吃糧草，又要出去應戰，這時，畢再遇算準馬匹餓肚子，事先叫士兵煮了一堆豆子，接著便在地上撒豆子，金兵一到時，所有馬兒忙著吃地上的豆子充飢，根本不聽指揮，這時宋軍趁著大亂，一舉消滅金兵。
Once, while the Jin army was taking a break, Bi Zai Yu launched an attack again. When the Jin army responded, the Song army fled. So the Jin army returned to their camp. But when the Jin army was just about to take a break, the Song army returned and beat their battle drums to fight again. The Jin camp had no time to feed their horses before they had to fight again. Bi Zai Yu anticipated that the horses must be starving by now. So he ordered his soldiers to prepare lots of beans and scattered them on the
ground. When the Jin army arrived, their starving horses saw the beans and started feed on them in frenzy, oblivious to the orders given by their riders. The Jin army fell into chaos, and the Song garrison annihilated the Jin army.
連環計是當敵人比自己強大時，用一連串互相環扣的計謀，來達到勝利的目的。不過，因為計謀是環環相扣的，所以一步走錯，就會全盤皆輸。
When the enemy is too powerful to fight directly, use a combination of well-coordinated schemes and strategies to achieve victory. However, because the complicated battle plan needs near perfect coordination, if one thing falls apart, everything will far apart.
【原文】第卅六計‧走為上策全師避敵。左次無咎，未失常也。
【按語】敵勢全勝，我不能戰，則必降，必和，必走。降則全敗，和則半敗，走則未敗。未敗者，勝之轉機也。如宋畢再遇與金人對壘，度金兵至者日眾，難與爭鋒。一夕拔營去，留旗幟於營，縛生羊懸之，置其前二足於鼓上，羊不堪懸，則足擊鼓有聲。金人不覺為空營，相持數日，乃覺，欲追之，則已遠矣。可謂善走者矣！
【中英對照】
第三十六計： 走為上策
Strategy 36: If All Else Fails Retreat
走為上策
If All Else Fails Retreat
魏太帝聽到宋國名將檀道濟領軍北上，就把大將叔孫建及公孫道生找來，要他們不可輕敵。兩軍打到歷城時，宋軍軍糧只剩三天分，檀道濟便決定撤軍。
When the news reached Emperor Wei Tai that the famous Song general Tan Dao Ji was leading his troops northwards towards Wei, he called on his generals Shu Sun Jian and Gong Sun Dao Sheng to defend Wei and not to take the enemy lightly. When the two armies finally engaged each other at Li Cheng, the Song army had only enough food supply to last another three days. So Tan Dao Ji decided to retreat.
不料，投降的宋兵把軍糧快吃完的消息報告魏軍，叔孫建便下令追擊，檀道濟這時居然下令紮營煮飯，叔孫建看到後以為有詐不敢進攻。
However, some of the Song soldiers who were captured in battle revealed to the Wei side the food shortage problem. Hearing this, Shu Sun Jian thought it was the golden opportunity he was waiting for and gave the order to chase the retreating Song army. But to his surprise, Tan Dao Ji ordered his soldiers to camp on the spot and make dinner. Shu Sun Jian was wary of a trap and so hesitated to attack.
宋軍吃完晚飯後，糧官就叫士兵點燈高唱軍糧的數量，每裝滿一袋時，便高唱：「再加兩百斤，滿十萬斤了。」並把糧袋堆成像小山一樣高，士兵還故意失手打翻米袋，魏軍一看滿地白米，趕緊報告叔孫建。
After the dinner was finished, Song officers in charge of food supply ordered a supply count. The soldiers lit up the lamps and counted out loud each sack of rice. Whenever a bag was filled up, the soldiers would call out, “Add another 200 kilograms. That’s a total of one hundred thousand kilograms.’’ The rice sacks were piled up as high as a small hill. The soldiers also deliberately spilled the sacks so that the rice was scattered all over the ground. The Wei army saw this and reported to Shu Sun Jian immediately.
第二天，叔孫建披戰袍觀看宋軍，宋營鼓聲大作，戰車上帥旗高掛一人穿便服，後面跟著整齊的宋軍，對四周的魏軍一點都沒放在眼裡，叔孫建不敢輕敵，決定三十六計走為上策，便下令撤軍十里，宋軍就這樣突出重圍，全軍而返。
The next day, Shu Sun Jian put on full armor watched the Song army. The sound of the battle drums from the Song camp was deafening. Tan Dao Ji dressed casually and sat in his chariot. The battle flags of Song hung high on the chariot, and he was followed by the well disciplined Song army. They seemed to take no notice to the surrounding Wei army. Seeing his, Shu Sun Jian dared not underestimate the enemy, so he decided to retreat. The Wei army retreated to as far as ten kilometers away. The crisis was thus resolved, and the Song army returned safely home.
走為上策指當情勢對我方非常不利，又沒有任何辦法可以改變局勢時，只有撤退避開敵人，才是上上之策。
If the situation is bad and you have no way of reversing it, the best thing to do is to avoid certain defeat in battle and retreat.
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