2013年9月26日 星期四

美國韋氏辭典

美國韋氏辭典2010年熱詞
http://hk.epochtimes.com/10/12/24/129643.htm


在美國韋氏辭典的網站（Merriam-Webster.com）上，2010年年度搜索最多的關鍵詞是「austerity（緊縮）」，緊隨其後的分別是「pragmatic（務實的）」和「moratorium（行動中止）」。


據澳大利亞新聞網報道，韋氏辭典的編輯彼得．索科羅斯（Peter Sokolowski）說：「顯然，『緊縮』一詞引起了很多人的共鳴。在經濟危機的大背景下，政府舉措中經常會出現這個詞語。與此同時，我們的生活中，也經常用到這個詞。」
根據今年網絡搜索頻率，韋氏辭典把「務實」一詞排在年度詞彙第二名，體現「人們高度評價的一種品質，可望得到理解和對上級的期待」。
排名第三的詞彙為「行動中止」。這個詞用於描述墨西哥灣原油洩漏事故之後的近海開採禁令。
此外，「Ebullient（沸騰的）」一詞，因在10月份33名被困智利礦工的營救期間使用頻率非常高，而位列熱門詞語排行榜的第八位。
梅里亞姆-韋伯斯特公司（Merriam-Webster）自2003年開始編製年度十大熱詞，這些詞通常能反映出當年社會熱點。例如，2008年當選十大熱詞之首的是「救助（bailout）」。美國政府當年推出7,000億美元金融救助計劃，以穩定金融系統，幫助大型金融機構擺脫困境。
韋氏辭典評出的2010年十大熱門詞語為：

1、「austerity（緊縮）」
2、「pragmatic（務實的）」
3、「moratorium（行動中止）」
4、「socialism（社會主義）」
5、「bigot（頑固者）」
6、「doppelganger（替身）」
7、「shellacking（徹底擊敗）」
8、「ebullient（沸騰的）」
9、「dissident（持不同政見者）」
10、「furtive（鬼鬼祟祟的）」

韋氏辭典評出的2010年十大熱門詞語了圖解：
1、「austerity（緊縮）」

aus·ter·i·ty

noun
\ȯ-ˈster-ə-tē, -ˈste-rə- also -ˈstir-ə-\
plural aus·ter·i·ties

Definition of AUSTERITY

1: the quality or state of being austere
2a : an austere act, manner, or attitude b : an ascetic practice
3: enforced or extreme economy

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Examples of AUSTERITY

  1. the austerity of the design
  2. The austerity of their lifestyle was surprising.
  3. They lived through years of austerity after the war.
  4. the austerities practiced by monks

First Known Use of AUSTERITY

14th century

Rhymes with AUSTERITY

alterity, asperity, celerity, dexterity, legerity, posterity, prosperity, severity, sincerity, temerity

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Next Word in the Dictionary: Austr- (combining form)
Previous Word in the Dictionary: austere
All Words Near: austerity


2、「pragmatic（務實的）」

prag·mat·ic

adj \prag-ˈma-tik\

Definition of PRAGMATIC

1 archaic a (1) : busy (2) : officious b : opinionated
2: relating to matters of fact or practical affairs often to the exclusion of intellectual or artistic matters : practical as opposed to idealistic <pragmatic men of power have had no time or inclination to deal with … social morality — K. B. Clark>
3: relating to or being in accordance with philosophical pragmatism(see pragmatism)
— pragmatic noun
— prag·mat·i·cal·ly \-ti-k(ə-)lē\ adverb

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Variants of PRAGMATIC

prag·mat·ic also prag·mat·i·cal \-ti-kəl\

Examples of PRAGMATIC

  1. His pragmatic view of public education comes from years of working in city schools.
  2. pragmatic man, not given to grand, visionary schemes>
  3. … their pragmatic successors like Benjamin Franklin were concerned with lightning's … power but not its thrilling scenic value. —John Updike, New York Review of Books, 15 Aug. 2002
  4. … NASA has two coexisting personae with vastly distinct characters: the somewhat romantically motivated manned space program, and the rather more pragmatic unmanned program. —David H. Freedman, Discover, July 1994
  5. … pragmatic enough to have held on to their day jobs for years after they were putting out records. —Chris Mundy, Rolling Stone, 16 Sept. 1993
  6. … and her mysticism never failed to exasperate her pragmatic, mountain-climbing daughter. —Salman Rushdie, The Satanic Verses, 1989
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Origin of PRAGMATIC

Latin pragmaticus skilled in law or business, from Greek pragmatikos, from pragmat-, pragma deed, from prassein to do — more at practical
First Known Use: 1616

Related to PRAGMATIC

Synonyms: down-to-earth, earthy, hardheaded, matter-of-fact, practical, realistic (also pragmatical)
Antonyms: blue-sky, idealistic, impractical, unrealistic, utopian, visionary
Related Words: idealless, philistine, utilitarian; commonsensical, grounded, levelheaded, logical, no-nonsense, rational, reasonable, sane, sensible, sober, sobersided, sound; bottom-line, hard, hard-boiled, hard-edged, tough-minded, unromantic, unsentimental; cynical, disillusioned, misanthropic, pessimistic; distrustful, mistrustful, skeptical, suspicious
Near Antonyms: fanciful, fantastic (also fantastical), imaginative; romantic, sentimental; cheerful, optimistic, rose-colored; trustful, trusting, unsuspicious; half-baked, illogical, insane, irrational, unreasonable; theoretical (also theoretic)[+]more[-]hide


3、「moratorium（行動中止）」

mor·a·to·ri·um

noun \ˌmȯr-ə-ˈtȯr-ē-əm, ˌmär-\
plural mor·a·to·riums or mor·a·to·ria \-ē-ə\

Definition of MORATORIUM

1a : a legally authorized period of delay in the performance of a legal obligation or the payment of a debt b : a waiting period set by an authority
2: a suspension of activity

See moratorium defined for English-language learners »

Examples of MORATORIUM

  1. The treaty calls for a nuclear testing moratorium.
  2. moratorium in donations until the surplus could be used up>
  3. In 2000, Illinois declared a moratorium on executions after 13 death-row inmates were exonerated. —Evan Thomas et al., Newsweek, 19 Nov. 2007
  4. But one country's moratorium is another country's protectionism, and the U.S. is suspicious of Europe's actions. —Jeffrey Kluger, Time, 13 Sept. 1999
  5. The striped bass are recovering strongly after a moratorium on catching them. —John P. Wiley, Jr., Smithsonian, November 1993
  6. Her office was crammed with ungraded school papers, some of them dating back five years. She was far behind in her work—so far behind that she had declared a moratorium on school work until she could catch up on her grading. —Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., The Sirens of Titan, 1959
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Origin of MORATORIUM

New Latin, from Late Latin, neuter of moratorius dilatory, from Latin morari to delay, from mora delay
First Known Use: 1875

Related to MORATORIUM

Synonyms: cold storage, deep freeze, doldrums, dormancy, holding pattern, latency, abeyance, quiescence, suspended animation, suspense, suspension
Antonyms: continuance, continuation
Related Words: inaction, inertia, inertness, motionlessness; impasse, standstill; coma, hibernation, hypnosis, repose, rest, sleep, slumber, torpor; recess, recession, remission; downtime, idleness, layoff
Near Antonyms: recommencement, renewal, resumption, resuscitation[+]more[-]hide

Rhymes with MORATORIUM

auditorium, cafetorium, crematorium, in memoriam, natatorium, sanatorium, sudatorium

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Next Word in the Dictionary: Moravian
Previous Word in the Dictionary: morass
All Words Near: moratorium

4、「socialism（社會主義）」

so·cial·ism

noun \ˈsō-shə-ˌli-zəm\

Definition of SOCIALISM

1: any of various economic and political theories advocating collective or governmental ownership and administration of the means of production and distribution of goods
2a : a system of society or group living in which there is no private property b : a system or condition of society in which the means of production are owned and controlled by the state
3: a stage of society in Marxist theory transitional between capitalism and communism and distinguished by unequal distribution of goods and pay according to work done

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Examples of SOCIALISM

  1. She is quite right, for example, to stress that Thatcher's crusade against socialism was not merely about economic efficiency and prosperity but that above all, “it was that socialism itself—in all its incarnations, wherever and however it was applied—was morally corrupting.” —Stephen Pollard, New York Times Book Review, 18 Jan. 2009
  2. Lenin's great genius, of course, was for ideology, which was redefined all too often to support the tactical requirements of the moment. But owing to his fanatical conviction of his own righteousness, especially where socialism was concerned, and also to the Promethean force of his will, his pronouncements were enshrined by his followers as universal truths. —Michael Scammell, New Republic, 20 Dec. 1999
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First Known Use of SOCIALISM

1837

Rhymes with SOCIALISM



5、「bigot（頑固者）」


big·ot

noun \ˈbi-gət\

Definition of BIGOT

1: a person who is obstinately or intolerantly devoted to his or her own opinions and prejudices; especially : one who regards or treats the members of a group (as a racial or ethnic group) with hatred and intolerance
— big·ot·ed \-gə-təd\ adjective
— big·ot·ed·ly adverb

See bigot defined for English-language learners »

Examples of BIGOT

  1. He was labeled a bigot after making some offensive comments.
  2. bigot who hasn't entertained a new thought in years>
  3. “It's scandalous,” he said, in the tones once used by Colonel Blimp, Britain's best-loved bigot, who adorned the pages of the Evening Standard throughout the 1930s. —Nicholas Fraser, Harper's, September 1996
  4. A bigot is a hater, she said. A bigot hates Catholics. A bigot hates Jews. … It's no sin to be poor, she said. It is a sin to be a bigot. Don't ever be one of them. —Pete Hamill, A Drinking Life, 1994
  5. One had always to be mindful, moreover, that being a black scholar did not exempt one from the humiliations and indignities that a society with more than its share of bigots can heap upon a black person, regardless of education … —John Hope Franklin, “John Hope Franklin … ,” 1988, in Race and History, 1989
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Origin of BIGOT

French, hypocrite, bigot
First Known Use: 1660

Related to BIGOT

Synonyms: dogmatist, dogmatizer, partisan (also partizan), sectarian
Related Words: doctrinaire, fanatic, purist; jingoist, nationalist; racialist, racist, supremacist; chauvinist, sexist
Near Antonyms: freethinker, latitudinarian, liberal[+]more[-]hide

Rhymes with BIGOT

frigate, gigot, spigot

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Next Word in the Dictionary: bigotry
Previous Word in the Dictionary: bignonia
All Words Near: bigot


6、「doppelganger（替身）」


dop·pel·gäng·er

noun
\ˈdä-pəl-ˌgaŋ-ər, -ˌgeŋ-, ˌdä-pəl-ˈ\

Definition of DOPPELGÄNGER

1: a ghostly counterpart of a living person
2a : double 2a b : alter ego b c : a person who has the same name as another

See doppelgänger defined for English-language learners »

Variants of DOPPELGÄNGER

dop·pel·gäng·er or dop·pel·gang·er \ˈdä-pəl-ˌgaŋ-ər, -ˌgeŋ-, ˌdä-pəl-ˈ\

Examples of DOPPELGÄNGER

  1. In the story, the character is haunted by a doppelgänger.
  2. doppelgänger>

Origin of DOPPELGÄNGER

German Doppelgänger, from doppel- double + -gänger goer
First Known Use: 1851

Related to DOPPELGÄNGER

Synonyms: alter ego, carbon, carbon copy, clone, counterpart, image (or doppelganger), double, duplicate, duplication, facsimile, fetch, likeness, look-alike, match, mirror image, picture, replica, ringer, spit, spitting image, twin
Related Words: Chinese copy; effigy, portrait, portrayal; companion, fellow, mate; equal, equivalent; analogue (or analog), parallel
Near Antonyms: antithesis, converse, opposite, reverse[+]more[-]hide

Britannica.com

Learn more about "doppelgänger" and related topics at Britannica.com

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Next Word in the Dictionary: Doppler
Previous Word in the Dictionary: doping
All Words Near: doppelgänger


7、「shellacking（徹底擊敗）」


shellacking

noun

Definition of SHELLACKING

1: a decisive defeat : drubbing

See shellacking defined for English-language learners »

Examples of SHELLACKING

  1. They took a shellacking in yesterday's game.
  2. shellacking at the hands of a vastly superior opposition>

First Known Use of SHELLACKING

1931

Related to SHELLACKING



8、「ebullient（沸騰的）」


ebul·lient

adj \-yənt\

Definition of EBULLIENT

1: boiling, agitated
2: characterized by ebullience : having or showing liveliness and enthusiasm <ebullient performers>
— ebul·lient·ly adverb

See ebullient defined for English-language learners »

Origin of EBULLIENT

Latin ebullient-, ebulliens, present participle of ebullire to bubble out, from e- + bullire to bubble, boil — more at boil
First Known Use: 1599

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Next Word in the Dictionary: ebullition
Previous Word in the Dictionary: ebulliency
All Words Near: ebullient


9、「dissident（持不同政見者）」



世界最尊榮的文學獎之一將會在今天頒給劉曉波，中國的異議者與作家。但他本人今天將一整天關在沒有窗戶的囚室裏，不會曉得獲獎的消息。

這位五十四歲的作家，自從12月8日以來就被關押，警察將他從家裏帶走，訊問他在當天出爐的零八憲章裏所扮演的角色，零八憲章呼籲的是中國的言論自由與民主改革。

dis·si·dent

adj \-dənt\

Definition of DISSIDENT

1: disagreeing especially with an established religious or political system, organization, or belief
— dissident noun

Examples of DISSIDENT

  1. <dissident elements within the Catholic Church>

Origin of DISSIDENT

Latin dissident-, dissidens, present participle of dissidēre to sit apart, disagree, from dis- + sedēre to sit — more at sit
First Known Use: 1769


10、「furtive（鬼鬼祟祟的）」


fur·tive

adj \ˈfər-tiv\

Definition of FURTIVE

1a : done by stealth : surreptitious b : expressive of stealth : sly furtive look about him>
2: obtained underhandedly : stolen
— fur·tive·ly adverb
— fur·tive·ness noun

See furtive defined for English-language learners »

Examples of FURTIVE

  1. He cast a furtive glance in our direction.
  2. We exchanged furtive smiles across the table.
  3. This means that they need use only quantum mechanics or only general relativity and can, with a furtive glance, shrug off the barking admonition of the other. —Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe, 1999
  4. Fall's pleasures were furtive, risky, short-lived-buckeye fights, … the endless recipes for the apples Mrs. Railsbeck asked him to fetch from the cobwebbed crate in the basement. —Stewart O'Nan, The Names of the Dead, 1996
  5. … it made Shepherd look furtive, wary, hunted—as if the photographer had shot him against his will, in the act of slamming the door. —Helen Garner, The First Stone, 1995
  6. [+]more[-]hide

Origin of FURTIVE

French or Latin; French furtif, from Latin furtivus, from furtum theft, from fur thief, from or akin to Greek phōr thief; akin to Greek pherein to carry — more at bear
First Known Use: 1612

Related to FURTIVE

Synonyms: sneaky, shady, shifty, slippery, sly, sneaking, stealthy



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