These are the words that you use to make a sentence. There are only 8 types of word - and the most important is the Verb!
- Verbs be, have, do, work
- Nouns man, town, music
- Adjectives a, the, 69, big
- Adverbs loudly, well, often
- Pronouns you, ours, some
- Prepositions at, in, on, from
- Conjunctions and, but, though
- Interjections ah, dear, er, um
What Are Verbs?
- Verb Classification | Quiz
helping verbs: primary/modal
main verbs: transitive/intransitive, linking, dynamic/stative, regular/irregular
to sing, sing, sings, sang, sung, singing
Tenses
I sing, I am singing, I have sung, I have been singing, I sang, I was singing
- Present tenses Simple, Continuous, Perfect Simple, Perfect Continuous
- Past tenses Simple, Continuous, Perfect Simple, Perfect Continuous
- Future tenses Simple, Continuous, Perfect Simple, Perfect Continuous
put out, look after, get on with
Conditionals | Quiz
if I win, if I won, if I had won
Modal Verbs
can, shall, must...
Gerunds (-ing) | Quiz
fishing is fun, I hate working
Questions | Quiz
Do you like me?, Why do you like me?, Do you like me or him?
Tag Questions | Quiz
You like me, don't you?
Subjunctive | Quiz
She insists that he come
Active Voice, Passive Voice | Quiz
Cats eat mice, Mice are eaten by cats
Infinitive or -ing? | Quiz
I like to do, I like doing
Plural Verbs with Singular Subjects
the company do, the company does
Verb Meanings with Continuous Tenses | Quiz
Am I being silly?
Used to do / Be used to | Quiz
I used to do it, I am not used to it
Going to
I am going to do it
Future Time | Quiz
I will do it, I am going to do it, I am doing it, I do it
For & Since for Time | Quiz
for two days, since 1st April
Nouns
It's not easy to describe a noun. In simple terms, nouns are "things" (and verbs are "actions"). Like food. Food (noun) is something you eat (verb). Or happiness. Happiness (noun) is something you want (verb). Or human being. A human being (noun) is something you are (verb).What are Nouns?
The simple definition is: a person, place or thing
teacher, school, book
Countable Nouns, Uncountable Nouns
Why is this important? Why do some nouns have no plural?
dog/dogs, rice, hair(s)
Proper Nouns (Names)
Do we say "Atlantic Ocean" or "the Atlantic Ocean"? Should I write "february" or "February"?
Shirley, Mr Jeckyll, Thailand, April, Sony
Possessive 's
Adding 's or ' to show possession.
John's car, my parents' house
Noun as Adjective
Sometimes we use a noun to describe another noun. In that case, the first noun is "acting as" an adjective.
love story, tooth-brush, bathroom
Compound Nouns
A compound noun is a noun that is made with two or more words.
tennis shoe, six-pack, bedroom
Adjectives
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An adjective "qualifies" or "modifies" a noun (a big dog).
Adjectives can be used before a noun (I like Chinese food) or after certain verbs (It is hard).
We can often use two or more adjectives together (a beautiful young French lady).
Determiners
the, a/an, this, some, any
Adjective Order (with Quiz)
beautiful, long, dark brown
Comparative Adjectives
richer, more exciting
Superlative Adjectives
the richest, the most exciting
Gradable and Non-gradable Adjectives | Quiz
see also:
Noun as Adjective
coffee cup, bus station, research centre
Adverbs
An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb "qualifies" or "modifies" a verb (The man ran quickly). But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even other adverbs (It works very well).
Many different kinds of word are called adverbs. We can usually recognise an adverb by its:
- Function (Job)
- Form
- Position
The principal job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs, adjectives and other adverbs. In the following examples, the adverb is in bold and the word that it modifies is in italics.
- Modify a verb:
- John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
- Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
- She never smokes. (When does she smoke?) - Modify an adjective:
- He is really handsome. - Modify another adverb:
- She drives incredibly slowly.
- Modify a whole sentence:
- Obviously, I can't know everything. - Modify a prepositional phrase:
- It's immediately inside the door.
Many adverbs end in -ly. We form such adverbs by adding -ly to the adjective. Here are some examples:
- quickly, softly, strongly, honestly, interestingly
Some adverbs have no particular form, for example:
- well, fast, very, never, always, often, still
Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:
- Front (before the subject):
- Now we will study adverbs. - Middle (between the subject and the main verb):
- We often study adverbs. - End (after the verb or object):
- We study adverbs carefully.
always, sometimes, never...
Adverbs Quiz
Pronouns
Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun. Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each... If we didn't have pronouns, we would have to repeat a lot of nouns. We would have to say things like:
- Do you like the president? I don't like the president. The president is too pompous.
- Do you like the president? I don't like him. He is too pompous.
I, me, you, he, him, she...
Demonstrative Pronouns
this, that, these, those
Possessive Pronouns
mine, yours, his...
Interrogative Pronouns
who, what, which...
Reflexive Pronouns
myself, yourself, himself...
Reciprocal Pronouns
each other, one another
That's Not My Job!
This is a story about four people named Everybody, Somebody, Anybody and Nobody.
Indefinite Pronouns
another, much, nobody, few, such...
Relative Pronouns
who, whom, which...
Pronoun Case
subjective, objective, possessive
English Prepositions
A preposition is a word governing, and usually coming in front of, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element, as in:
- She left before breakfast.
- What did you come for?
(For what did you come?)
A Simple Rule for Prepositions
Prepositions of Place
at the bus stop, in the box, on the wall
Prepositions of Time
at Christmas, in May, on Friday
Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that "joins". A conjunction joins two parts of a sentence.Here are some example conjunctions:
| Coordinating Conjunctions | Subordinating Conjunctions |
| and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so | although, because, since, unless |
Form
Conjunctions have three basic forms:- Single Word
for example: and, but, because, although - Compound (often ending with as or that)
for example: provided that, as long as, in order that - Correlative (surrounding an adverb or adjective)
for example: so...that
Function
Conjunctions have two basic functions or "jobs":- Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two parts of a sentence that are grammatically equal. The two parts may be single words or clauses, for example:
- Jack and Jill went up the hill.
- The water was warm, but I didn't go swimming. - Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a subordinate dependent clause to a main clause, for example:
- I went swimming although it was cold.
Position
- Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join.
- Subordinating conjunctions usually come at the beginning of the subordinate clause.
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| Interjections Hi! That's an interjection. :-)
The table below shows some interjections with examples.
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