TEXT: Pronouns
http://www.edict.com.hk/vlc/GrammarCourse/Lesson6_Pronouns1/Lesson6.htm#Table
There or it?
There's a book on the table.
It's a dictionary.
Sentence Structure
There/It + be (is, are, was, were) + noun
a. 'introductory' there
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There + is + a book. (on the table)
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b. 'real' it
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a book <- It + is + a dictionary.
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"real" it
It's a dictionary.
What is? The book on the table.
There was a hurricane last night.
It was a hurricane.
What was? The thing that caused all this damage.
A comparison of 'introductory' there
a. There would appear to have been a mistake somewhere.
b. It would appear to have been a mistake from start to finish.
c. There was a mistake somewhere.
d. It was a mistake from start to finish.
a. It's difficult to please everybody.
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To please everybody is difficult.
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b. It's an advantage being English.
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Being English is an advantage.
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c. It's a pity that the weather is so bad.
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That the weather is so bad is a pity.
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d. It's doubtful whether we'll get there in time.
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Whether we'll get there in time is doubtful.
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a. There's a book on the table.
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'introductory' there
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b. Look, there's the book.
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'real' there
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c. There's a lamp there too.
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'introductory' and 'real' there
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An ambiguous sentence (real subject in italics)
a. It is difficult to read in this light.
b. It (The letter) is difficult to read in this light.
a.
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The book which I've read are on your shelf.
(the books : antecedent, which : relative pronoun)
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b.
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The book which l've read are on your shelf. (defining)
The book which l've read, are on your shelf. (non-defining)
The book (which, by the way, l've read) are on your shelf.
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c.
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The book that I've read (The books I've read) are on your shelf. (defining)
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Defining
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Non-defining
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necessary, defining
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not necessary, extra information (by the way)
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no commas, no pause
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commas (usually), pause
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that can be used
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that not used
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written and spoken
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mostly written
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a. One of my brothers, who is 65, is insane.
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(non-defining)
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b. My brother who is 65 is insane.
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(defining)
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c. My father and my brother are both insane, which is very unfortunate.
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(non-defining)
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defining / non-defining
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defining only
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persons
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who, whom, whose
the girl who / whom I marry |
that
the girl that I marry |
things
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which
the disease which I caught |
that
the disease that I caught |
places
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where, preposition + which,
the town where I was born |
that + preposition
the town that I was born in |
times
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when
the first time when a man walked on the moon |
that
the first time that a man walked on the moon |
| That's the man | { | who whom that |
} | I meant. |
Informal, spoken | ||||
| That's the man | { | who that |
} | everyone is talking about. |
Whose
a. This is the man whose house Jack built.
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(defining)
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b. My father, whose house was built by Jack, is 65 and crazy.
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(non-defining)
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TEST
Exercise A
Choose it or there in the following conversation.
Peter:
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1.
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John:
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2.
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Peter:
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3.
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John:
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4.
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Peter:
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5.
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John:
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6.
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Peter:
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7.
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John:
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8.
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Peter:
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9.
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Exercise B
Choose between those, the one(s), what
| 1. | This book isn't ....... you were supposed to read. |
| the one / those / the ones / what | |
| 2. | The film wasn't quite ....... we'd expected. |
| the one / those / the ones / what | |
| 3. | These songs are not so good compared with ....... on their first album. |
| the one / those / the ones / what | |
| 4. | ....... of you who have already made a contribution will not be required to pay. |
| the one / those / (those) people / what / the ones | |
| 5. | Only ....... eligible to vote need to register. |
| the ones / those / (those) people / what |
Exercise C
Choose the right relative pronouns (who(m), which, that).
(The sign X stands for a 'zero form': the relative pronoun is omitted.)
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